Quiz 1 Flashcards
What is the dermis?
Formed by a dense layer of interlacing collagen and elastic fibers which provide the skin tone and account for strength and toughness of skin
What is in the center of the diaphysis?
Marrow cavity, which contains marrow in living bone
What is the odontoid process/dens?
Part of the axis structurally, the odontoid process is actually the missing “body” of the atlas. It acts as a pivot for the rotation of the atlas, allowing for the motion of shaking one’s head “no.”
What is the difference between the axial and appendicular skeleton?
axial– consists of bones of neck and trunk (e.g. ribs, sternum, vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx)
appendicular: consists of bones of the limbs, including pectoral and pelvic girdles.
Why are the superficial back muscles not considered true back muscles?
They are innervated by ventral rami. They act on the upper limb. They are considered extrinsic shoulder muscles. They are attached to the vertebral column, but have no effect on it
What are muscles of the superficial back?
Rhomboid major and minor, levator scapulae, upper, middle and lower trapezius. Latissimus dorsi
What are five bone classifications?
Long bones (found in limbs), short bones (cuboidall- found in tarsus and carpus), flat bones (cranium– serve protective functions), irregular bones (various shapes– e.g. vertebrae), sesamoid (patella– protect tendons)
What two things does the deep fascia form?
1) retinacula– holds tendons in place during movement
2) bursae- closed sacs containing fluid which prevent friction and enable structures to move freely over one another
What is deep fascia?
Dense, organized connective tissue layer devoid of fat. Envelops body deep to skin and subcutaneous tissue.
What do extensions from the internal surface of fascia do?
The extensions 1) invest deeper structures, such as individual muscles ad neurovascular bundles. 2) Intermuscular septa divides muscles into groups. 3) Subserous fascia lies between musculoskeletal walls and serous membranes, lining body cavities
What is bone?
High specialized form of connective tissue that makes up most of the skeleton and is the chief supporting tissue of the body. It provides protection, support, calcium storage, a continuous supply of new blood cells produced by the marrow in the medullary cavity, and is the mechanical basis for movement.
What are the two types of bone and how are they different?
Spongy bone and compact bone. Compact bone provides strength for weight bearing in long bones. The amount is greatest near the middle of the shaft, where the bone is liable to buckle. Spongy bone, the central mass surrounded by the compact bone, consists of numerous interwoven thin plates of bone (trabeculae) with spaces in-between filled by marrow
What is periosteum and perichondrium and what do they do?
Periosteum is fibrous connective tissue covering that surrounds bone, while perichondrium is the surrounding cartilage elements (excluding articular cartilage). They help nourish the tissue, lay down more cartilage or bone during fracture healing, and provide interface for attachment of tendons and ligaments.
What is cartilage?
Resilient, semirigid, avascular type of connective tissue that forms parts of the skeleton, where more flexibility is necessary.
What type of cartilage caps synovial joints’ articulating surfaces?
Articular cartilage.
What is a herniated disc?
A protruding inter-vertebral disc. It can cause lower back pain and motion restriction by pressing on the spinal nerves.
What usually causes sciatica? What is it?
A herniated disc at the L5-S1 level. Sciatic is acute lower back pain that radiates down posterolateral aspect of the thigh.
What are the three joint types and give an example of each?
1) Fibrous– sutures in skull. 2) Cartilaginous – inter-vertebral discs. 3) Synovial– knee.
What are 6 classifications of synovial joints and what types of motion do they perform?
1) ball and socket– shoulder and circumduction, 2) hinge– elbow and flexion/extension 3) pivot and pronation/supination, 4) ellipsoid and flexion/extension, ab/adduction. NO rotation. 5) Saddle. 6) Zygapophyseal – sliding motion in one plane
What are three examples of elastic cartilage
nose, ear, larynx
What regulates the bone-blood transfer?
Hormones from the thyroid and parathyroid glands regulate exchange of calcium and phosphate ions.
What bones are in the pelvic girdle?
ilium, ischium, and pubis (fuse together to form os coxa/pelvic bone). The Right and Left os coxae are connected by the pubic symphysis joint. The Right and Left ilia unite with the sacrum.
What is the difference between a simple and complex fracture?
Simple fractures consist of a single disruption, leaving the bone in two pieces, while complex fractures have one or more completely separated intermediate fragments.
In what population would you see a complex fracture more often?
athletes– e.g. football players
What are three types of simple fractures?
spiral (where at least one part of the bone has been twisted), oblique (diagonal fracture), and transverse (horizontal across the bone).
What are the four phases of bone fracture repair?
1) clot formation, 2) inflammatory phase, 3) callus formation, 4) remodeling phase
What substance makes up cartilage?
Protein/polysaccharide complexes form a gel-like matrix. Fibrous proteins determine the structure and properties.
Describe the three types of cartilage
1) Hyaline– most common. Contains collagen fibers. Forms framework of embryo bones. In adult, persists as articular cartilage on opposing surfaces of bones that form synovial joints. Found in growth plate of long bones. Also on costal cartilage on edge of ribs and rings of trachea,
2) Fibrocartilage– contains abundance of thick lamina of collagen fibers. Strong. Adept at absorbing shock. Found in intervertebral discs, menisci of knee, and as part of symphysis jonts in which 2 bones are united using fibrocartilage.
3) Elastic cartilage– made of elastin (protein-like substance). Found in nose, larynx, outer ear.
What are two types of connective tissues? How are they different?
Cartilage and dense connective tissue. Dense connective tissue is highly ordered in composition and thus has a high degree of tensile strength, while cartilage is able to withstand pressure and pull.
Describe the three types of dense connective tissue.
1) tendons, which connect muscle to bone, transmit the force of hte contracting muscle to the bone. These can withstand a lot of force and the main protein is collagen 2) ligaments, which bind bones to each other, help stabilize the joints by keeping articulating bones together. Collagen is abundant. 3) fascia, which is collagenous, binds muscle to tendons. Also is known as the epimysium of muscle.
What type of cartilage is found in the epiphyseal plate of the long bones, what causes it to stop growing, and what happens as a result?
Hyaline cartilage. It responds to HGH, so the region grows into early adult life. When HGH is no longer secreted, the plate of cartilage stops growing and is converted into bone. It may be visible in the long bone as an epiphyseal line/seal.
Why are tendons difficult to heal?
They are relatively metabolically inert and have little blood supply.
What is a sprain and what happens as a result?
Torn ligament. Results in instability of the joint supported by the sprained ligament.
What is a joint?
An articulation between 2 bones.
What surrounds a joint?
A capsule made of dense connective tissue
What is the difference between osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis?
Osteoarthritis is a pathological process that occurs due to excessive growth of the bone at articular surfaces, which can result in the destruction of the articular cartilage and lead to the formation of osteophytes. Rheumatoid arthritis, on the other hand, is a disease involving the synovial membrane, which can result in an inability of the affected joint to function due to severe pain and deformity.
What is the difference between capsular and intracapsular ligaments?
extracapsular/capsular ligaments reinforce or blend with the capsule of the joint, while intracapsular ligaments are within the capsule
What is the synovial membrane?
Fluid secreting membrane that lines the cavity of a synovial joint. The fluid reduces friction between articulating surfaces so that movement can occur without pain.
What is bone made of?
Protein polysaccharide complexes. Numerous bundles of collagen fibers that are arranged in a regular pattern. The presence of these fibers is what is responsible for the tensile strength of the bone. Calcium salt deposition into the bone matrix results in bone hardness.
