Quiz 1 Flashcards
What is the dermis?
Formed by a dense layer of interlacing collagen and elastic fibers which provide the skin tone and account for strength and toughness of skin
What is in the center of the diaphysis?
Marrow cavity, which contains marrow in living bone
What is the odontoid process/dens?
Part of the axis structurally, the odontoid process is actually the missing “body” of the atlas. It acts as a pivot for the rotation of the atlas, allowing for the motion of shaking one’s head “no.”
What is the difference between the axial and appendicular skeleton?
axial– consists of bones of neck and trunk (e.g. ribs, sternum, vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx)
appendicular: consists of bones of the limbs, including pectoral and pelvic girdles.
Why are the superficial back muscles not considered true back muscles?
They are innervated by ventral rami. They act on the upper limb. They are considered extrinsic shoulder muscles. They are attached to the vertebral column, but have no effect on it
What are muscles of the superficial back?
Rhomboid major and minor, levator scapulae, upper, middle and lower trapezius. Latissimus dorsi
What are five bone classifications?
Long bones (found in limbs), short bones (cuboidall- found in tarsus and carpus), flat bones (cranium– serve protective functions), irregular bones (various shapes– e.g. vertebrae), sesamoid (patella– protect tendons)
What two things does the deep fascia form?
1) retinacula– holds tendons in place during movement
2) bursae- closed sacs containing fluid which prevent friction and enable structures to move freely over one another
What is deep fascia?
Dense, organized connective tissue layer devoid of fat. Envelops body deep to skin and subcutaneous tissue.
What do extensions from the internal surface of fascia do?
The extensions 1) invest deeper structures, such as individual muscles ad neurovascular bundles. 2) Intermuscular septa divides muscles into groups. 3) Subserous fascia lies between musculoskeletal walls and serous membranes, lining body cavities
What is bone?
High specialized form of connective tissue that makes up most of the skeleton and is the chief supporting tissue of the body. It provides protection, support, calcium storage, a continuous supply of new blood cells produced by the marrow in the medullary cavity, and is the mechanical basis for movement.
What are the two types of bone and how are they different?
Spongy bone and compact bone. Compact bone provides strength for weight bearing in long bones. The amount is greatest near the middle of the shaft, where the bone is liable to buckle. Spongy bone, the central mass surrounded by the compact bone, consists of numerous interwoven thin plates of bone (trabeculae) with spaces in-between filled by marrow
What is periosteum and perichondrium and what do they do?
Periosteum is fibrous connective tissue covering that surrounds bone, while perichondrium is the surrounding cartilage elements (excluding articular cartilage). They help nourish the tissue, lay down more cartilage or bone during fracture healing, and provide interface for attachment of tendons and ligaments.
What is cartilage?
Resilient, semirigid, avascular type of connective tissue that forms parts of the skeleton, where more flexibility is necessary.
What type of cartilage caps synovial joints’ articulating surfaces?
Articular cartilage.
What is a herniated disc?
A protruding inter-vertebral disc. It can cause lower back pain and motion restriction by pressing on the spinal nerves.
What usually causes sciatica? What is it?
A herniated disc at the L5-S1 level. Sciatic is acute lower back pain that radiates down posterolateral aspect of the thigh.
What are the three joint types and give an example of each?
1) Fibrous– sutures in skull. 2) Cartilaginous – inter-vertebral discs. 3) Synovial– knee.
What are 6 classifications of synovial joints and what types of motion do they perform?
1) ball and socket– shoulder and circumduction, 2) hinge– elbow and flexion/extension 3) pivot and pronation/supination, 4) ellipsoid and flexion/extension, ab/adduction. NO rotation. 5) Saddle. 6) Zygapophyseal – sliding motion in one plane
What are three examples of elastic cartilage
nose, ear, larynx
What regulates the bone-blood transfer?
Hormones from the thyroid and parathyroid glands regulate exchange of calcium and phosphate ions.
What bones are in the pelvic girdle?
ilium, ischium, and pubis (fuse together to form os coxa/pelvic bone). The Right and Left os coxae are connected by the pubic symphysis joint. The Right and Left ilia unite with the sacrum.
What is the difference between a simple and complex fracture?
Simple fractures consist of a single disruption, leaving the bone in two pieces, while complex fractures have one or more completely separated intermediate fragments.
In what population would you see a complex fracture more often?
athletes– e.g. football players
What are three types of simple fractures?
spiral (where at least one part of the bone has been twisted), oblique (diagonal fracture), and transverse (horizontal across the bone).
What are the four phases of bone fracture repair?
1) clot formation, 2) inflammatory phase, 3) callus formation, 4) remodeling phase
What substance makes up cartilage?
Protein/polysaccharide complexes form a gel-like matrix. Fibrous proteins determine the structure and properties.
Describe the three types of cartilage
1) Hyaline– most common. Contains collagen fibers. Forms framework of embryo bones. In adult, persists as articular cartilage on opposing surfaces of bones that form synovial joints. Found in growth plate of long bones. Also on costal cartilage on edge of ribs and rings of trachea,
2) Fibrocartilage– contains abundance of thick lamina of collagen fibers. Strong. Adept at absorbing shock. Found in intervertebral discs, menisci of knee, and as part of symphysis jonts in which 2 bones are united using fibrocartilage.
3) Elastic cartilage– made of elastin (protein-like substance). Found in nose, larynx, outer ear.
What are two types of connective tissues? How are they different?
Cartilage and dense connective tissue. Dense connective tissue is highly ordered in composition and thus has a high degree of tensile strength, while cartilage is able to withstand pressure and pull.
Describe the three types of dense connective tissue.
1) tendons, which connect muscle to bone, transmit the force of hte contracting muscle to the bone. These can withstand a lot of force and the main protein is collagen 2) ligaments, which bind bones to each other, help stabilize the joints by keeping articulating bones together. Collagen is abundant. 3) fascia, which is collagenous, binds muscle to tendons. Also is known as the epimysium of muscle.
What type of cartilage is found in the epiphyseal plate of the long bones, what causes it to stop growing, and what happens as a result?
Hyaline cartilage. It responds to HGH, so the region grows into early adult life. When HGH is no longer secreted, the plate of cartilage stops growing and is converted into bone. It may be visible in the long bone as an epiphyseal line/seal.
Why are tendons difficult to heal?
They are relatively metabolically inert and have little blood supply.
What is a sprain and what happens as a result?
Torn ligament. Results in instability of the joint supported by the sprained ligament.
What is a joint?
An articulation between 2 bones.
What surrounds a joint?
A capsule made of dense connective tissue
What is the difference between osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis?
Osteoarthritis is a pathological process that occurs due to excessive growth of the bone at articular surfaces, which can result in the destruction of the articular cartilage and lead to the formation of osteophytes. Rheumatoid arthritis, on the other hand, is a disease involving the synovial membrane, which can result in an inability of the affected joint to function due to severe pain and deformity.
What is the difference between capsular and intracapsular ligaments?
extracapsular/capsular ligaments reinforce or blend with the capsule of the joint, while intracapsular ligaments are within the capsule
What is the synovial membrane?
Fluid secreting membrane that lines the cavity of a synovial joint. The fluid reduces friction between articulating surfaces so that movement can occur without pain.
What is bone made of?
Protein polysaccharide complexes. Numerous bundles of collagen fibers that are arranged in a regular pattern. The presence of these fibers is what is responsible for the tensile strength of the bone. Calcium salt deposition into the bone matrix results in bone hardness.
What is the last bone to ossify and when?
hip bone- age 25
Why is cartilage hard to repair?
Because it is avascular
What are the upsides to the cartilage being avascular and uninnervated?
Uninnverated = can’t feel movement of joints. Avascular = reduced inflammation due to low blood supply.
What is mesenchyme?
embryonic connective tissue that models the bone during embryonic period.
What are the three major functions of the vertebral column?
Protection for spinal cord, provides stable and yet flexible basis for movement, helps bear weight
The vertebrae in which part of the spine are easiest to heal and why?
Thoracic because rib cage provides stabilization and less movement.
What type of curvature is the primary curvature and when does it originate?
Kyphotic curvatures of thoracic and sacral spine, orginates during fetal development.
What type of curvature is the secondary curvature and when does it originate?
Lordotic curvatures of lumbar and cervical spines originate during the early stages of life. The cervical lordatic curve forms as the baby leans to balance his/her head on the cervical vertebral column, while the lumbar lordotic curve forms when the baby learns to stand upright.
Which portion of the spine has the most mobility? The least? Why?
The cervical spine has the most mobility, while the thoracic spine has the least. This is because the cervical spine has larger bodies/discs and the most variation in types of vertebrae. The thoracic spine has rib attachments that interfere with motion and smaller discs/bodies, which allow for less movement.
What is the primary motion of the lumbar spine? The thoracic spine?
Lumbar– flexion/extension. Thoracic - rotation
What are the two parts of the vertebral arch?
The lamina and pedicles
What are the ligaments of the spine?
supraspinous, intraspinous, ligamentum flavum, anterior longitudinal, posterior longitudinal, ligamentum nuchae.
What are the suboccipital ligaments?
Anterior atlantooccipital membrane, posterior atlantooccipital membrane, tectorial membrane, apical ligament of the dens, alar ligament of the dens, cruciform ligament of the dens
What are three types of vertebral joints, how are they stabilized, and where do they occur?
1) zygapophyseal– between facets (synovial planar– designed for gliding motion). Stablized by ligamentum flavum.
2) intervertebral– symphysis joint between vertebral body and disc. Support weight bearing function of lumbar region. They are supported by the anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments.
3) Craniovertebral– atlantooccipital and axiooccipital joints, which permit movement between cranium and cervical vertebrae. Stabilized by subooccipital ligaments.
What are the two portions of an intervertebral disk?
Annulus fibrosis and nucleus pulposis.
What do the following structures contribute to the back overall? 1) vertebrae, 2) ligaments and intervertebral discs, 3) muscles
1) flexibility, 2) support and shock absorbence, 3) movement facilitation and act as guide wires to help the back support the rest of the body.
What would happen if facets of cervical vertebrae were dislocated?
facet jumping, or locking of cervical vertebrae
What is scheuermann’s disease?
A degeneration of adjacent vertebral bodies, which causes narrowing of intervertebral disk spaces and possibly protrusion of intervertebral disks into vertebral bodies, resulting in decreased spinal height and increased spinal curvature. Occurs among gymnasts, trampolinists, cyclists, wrestlers, rowers.
Are the myelinated axons in the white matter or the grey matter?
Grey matter has unmyelinated axons of interneurons and cell bodies of motor neurons. White matter has myelinated axons of sensory neurons, connecting neurons, and motor neurons.
Which roots are sensory and which are motor? Rami?
Dorsal roots = sensory. Ventral roots= motor. Dorsal rami = both sensory and motor.
Where is spinal nerve located?
Intervertebral foramen
What do interneurons do?
Relay information to the brain after they synapse with sensory neurons
Where do C1-C7 spinal nerves exit? C8? T1 and down?
C1-C7 exit above the corresponding vertebrae. C8 exits above T1, T1 and down exit below.
Are lymphatic vessels or nerves abundant in the periosteum?
Both. A lot of sensory nerves in the periosteum. Perisoteal nerves are nerves that carry pain fibers to the periosteum. Especially sensitive to tearing/tension.
What is avascular necrosis?
loss of blood supply to the epiphysis or other parts of the bone. After every fracture, small areas of adjacent bone undergo necrosis
What is diploe?
spongy bone between two layers of conpact bone
What type of cartilage unites articulating structures of cartilageonous joints?
hyaline/fibrocartilage. 1) synchondrosis/primary = cartilagenous joints united by hyaline cartilage. Permit growth of length of bone and slight bending during early life. 2) secondary/symphysis = strong slightly mobile and united by fibrocartilage (vertebrae)
Where does the spinal cord end?
between L1 and L2
What is the difference between grey and white matter?
White matter is formed by interconnecting fiber tract systems that connect neighboring/distant CNS nuclei. Grey matter contains nerve cell bodies.
What are fascial planes?
potential spaces between adjacent fascias or fascia lined structures?
when does the primary curvature originate and what type of curvature is it?
fetal development. Called kyphosis or posteriorly convex. The thoracic spine and sacral spine.
when does the secondary curvature originate and what type of curvature is it?
the early stages of life. Called lordosis or concave posteriorl. The cervical lordotic forms as the baby learns to balance head on cervical vertebral column. The lumbar lordotic curve forms when baby learns to stand upright.
what is facet syndrome?
enlargement of superior and inferior articulating facets due to repetitive stress and osteoarthritis. Narrows the lateral foramina, pressing on existing spinal nerves and causing lower back and leg pain and motion restriction.
what is a common site for epidural injection?
sacral hiatus
How many vertebrae are in the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccyx parts of the spine?
C = 7, T = 12, L = 5, S = 5, C = 4
What are the four normal curvatures of the spine and what is their purpose?
cervical, lumbar, thoracic, and sacral. Their purpose is to increase the flexibility of the vertebral column, allowing it to function like a spring rather than a rod.
what are the two bones that participate in the formation of a joint called?
articulating bones
what is osteoarthritis?
pathological process that occurs due to excessive growth of the bone at articular surfacs. Can result in the destruction of the articular cartilage and lead to the formation of osteophytes (bone spurs)
Which of the lower leg bones is weight bearing?
tibia
What are the different types of bone fractures?
1) simple fractures, which are a single disruption, leaving the bone in two pieces. They can be spiral, oblique, or transverse. Or complex fractures, where one or more completely separated intermediate fragments. 2) Open fractures, where bone penetrates the skin, or closed fractures, where the bone doesn’t penetrate the skin. 3) Displaced fractures, where there is a different alignment of the bones’ ends, and nondisplaced fractures, where the broken ends of the bones remain in their original alignment.
What is ligamentum flavum made of and what is its chracteristic color?
made of elastin and is yellow.
Why do torn ligaments take a long time to heal and why?
torn ligaments take a long time to heal because they are metabolically inert (they lack good blood supply).
What happens as a result of a torn ligament?
instability of the joint supported by the torn ligament.
What is the difference between capsular/extracapsular and intracapsular ligaments?
extracapsular ligaments reinforce or blend with the capsule of the joint, while intracapsular ligaments are within the capsule.
What is the synovial membrane?
fluid secreting membrane that lines the cavity of a synovial joint. the fluid redces friction between the articulating surfaces, so movement can occur without paint.
what is rheumatoid arthritis?
disease involving the synovial membrane, that can result in an inability of the affected joint ot function due to severe pain and deformity. the first sign is inflammation of the synovial membrane.
what is bone made of?
protein polysaccharide complexes. numerous bundles of collagen fibers that are arranged in a regular pattern. the presence of these fibers is responsible for tensile strength of bone. calcium salt deposition into bone matrix results in bone hardness.
Define Wolf’s Law?
where forces are acting upon the bone, that bone will grow and strengthen in that area.
the ribs exemplify what function of bones?
protection (heart and lungs)
the long bones exemplify what function of bones?
structure
the flat bones exemplify what function of bones?
protection of the brain
How is abduction and adduction and flexion and extension different in the thumb than for other joints?
ab/adduction of the thumb at the metacarpophylangeal joint occurs in the sagittal plane, while flexion/extension occurs in the frontal plane. Opposite of other joint movements.
The great occipital nerve innervates what?
the dorsal surface of the scalp
what is a medullary cavity?
marrow cavity surrounded by compact bone, within which blood cells and platelets are formed.
What is the spinal level versus the vertebral level?
Spinal level refers to the spinal cord segment associated with the given nerve root, while the vertebral level refers to the location relative to the specific vertebrae. For example, the umbillicus is located at L3 vertebral level, but receives sensory information from the T10 spinal level.
Describe how spinal/vertebral length differ in utero compared to adult life?
in utero spinal cord and vertebral column are approximately the same length, but the vertebral column grows at a much faster rate. In the newborn, the spinal cord ends at the 3rd sacral vertebrae, while the in the adult it ends between L2 and L1.
Where does the spinal cord start and end?
starts as contribution of medulla oblongata of brain stem and ends at conus medullaris (between L1 and L2)
what are the first and second enlargments?
first = cervical. second = lumbosacral. they are called enlargements because they contain a lot of neurons. the cervical enlargement contains segments related to upper extremities, while lumbosacral enlargement contains segements related to the lower extremities
what does segmental innervation refer to?
each spinal nerves peripheral destination (e.g. axillary nerve receives innervation from C5 and C6).
