Thoracic spine

Question 1

Key features of thoracic vertebrae

Answer 1

Heart shaped body 
Small circular vertebral foramen 
Long SPs, overlap vertebrae below 
TPs facets for rib articulation 
Facet orientation- 60 degrees coronal 
Extra facets for rib articulation- superior, inferior + transverse

Question 2

Name of ribs 1-7

Answer 2

True ribs- articulate directly with sternum

Question 3

Name of ribs 8-10

Answer 3

False ribs- articulate with costal cartilage

Question 4

Name of ribs 11-12

Answer 4

Floating ribs- articulate with vertebrae

Question 5

Cartilaginous

Answer 5

Almost immoveable between bones

Bound by layer of cartilage

Question 6

Symphysis

Answer 6

Place where two boned are closely joined

Forming immoveable joint (sternum completely fused)

Question 7

Flexion ROM

Answer 7

20-45

Question 8

Extension ROM

Answer 8

20-45

Question 9

Side bending ROM

Answer 9

20-40

Question 10

Rotation ROM

Answer 10

35-50

Question 11

Limitations to movement

Answer 11

1. SPs
2. Ribs
3. Ligamements

Question 12

Movements at sternoclavicular joint

Answer 12

Protraction, retraction, rotation, elevation+ depression

Question 13

Movements at acromioclavicular joint

Answer 13

Protraction, retraction, rotation, elevation+ depression

Question 14

Movements at scapulothoracic joint

Answer 14

Protraction, retraction, int/ext rotation, elevation, depression

Question 15

Movements at rib heads

Answer 15

Elevation, depression, glide, rotation

Question 16

How to upper ribs move during respiration + which ribs

Answer 16

T1-T6 pump handle

Question 17

How do middle ribs move during respiration + which ribs

Answer 17

T7-T10 bucket handle

Question 18

How to lower ribs move during respiration + which ribs

Answer 18

T11-T12 calliper

Question 19

Primary muscles for inspiration

Answer 19

Diaphragm 
Scalenes anterior 
Scalene medius 
Scalene posterior 
Levator rostrum 
Internal + external intercostals

Question 20

Accessory movements for inspiration

Answer 20

Sternocleidomastoid 
Trapezius 
Serratus anterior/posterior 
Pectroalis major/minor 
Subclavius

Question 21

Primary muscles for expiration

Answer 21

Elastic recoil
Internal obliques 
External obliques
Rectus abdominals 
Transverse abdominals 
Transverse thoracic 
Transverse intercostals
External intercostals 
Internal intercostals

Question 22

Accessory muscles for expiration

Answer 22

Latissimus doors
Serratus posterior
Quadratus lumborum
Illiocstallis lumborum

Question 23

Mechanism for breathing

Answer 23

1. diaphragm contracts= thoracic enlarges
2. scalene muscles elevate 1st/2nd rib
3. ribs elevate passively
4. thoracic cage enlarges
5. increases in internal air pressure compared to atmospheric pressure
6. air enters
7. top of inspiration- inspiration muscles stop contracting
8. muscle relaxation + elastic recoil= lungs shrink
9. lung air pressure exceeds atmospheric pressure
10. air expelled= expiration

Question 24

Thoracic muscles for rotation

Answer 24

35-50
Obliques internus/externus
Deep erector spinae muscles
Levator costrum

Question 25

Thoracic muscles for flexion

Answer 25

20-45
Rectus abdominalis
Obliques muscles
Psoas minor

Question 26

Thoracic muscles for extension

Answer 26

25-45
Erector spinae group
Trapezius
Quadratus lumborum

Question 27

Thoracic muscles for side bending

Answer 27

20-40
Superficial erector spinae 
Oblique muscles
Psoas major
Quadratus lumborum