Cervical spine

Question 1

Features of cervical vertebra

Answer 1

Small, triangular body
SPs C2-3= bifid, C4-7= long
Large vertebral foramen
Facet orientation- coronal at 45

Question 2

Features of atlas (C1)

Answer 2

Supports occipital bone 
No vertebral body 
Large vertebral foramen (for spinal cord + brain stem)
No SP
x2 TPs
Transverse fast orientation

Question 3

Features of axis (C2)

Answer 3

Body extended with odontoid peg (fits into C1 for rotation)
Large vertebral foramen 
Short and bifid SPs 
x2 TPs 
Transverse facet orientation

Question 4

Features of C3-7

Answer 4

Vertebral body- small as not supporting much weight
Foramen smaller than C1
Long SPs
x2 TPs

Question 5

Flexion ROM

Answer 5

80-90

Question 6

Extension ROM

Answer 6

70

Question 7

Rotation ROM

Answer 7

20-45

Question 8

Side bending ROM

Answer 8

70-90

Question 9

Accessory movements

Answer 9

Anterior/posterior shear

Lateral shear

Question 10

Boundaries of anterior triangle

Answer 10

Superior- Mandible
Lateral- Sternocleidomastoid
Medial- Midline of neck

Question 11

Contents of anterior triangle

Answer 11

Internal jugular (veins)
Common, internal + external carotid (arteries)
CNX vagus (heart, lungs, throat + part of digestive system), cranial-hypoglossual (tongue)- nerves
Oesophagus, larynx (organs)
Hyoid (C-shaped bone)

Question 12

Boundaries of posterior triangle

Answer 12

Posterior- trapezius
Base- clavicle
Apex- sternocleidomastoid
Anterior- nuchal line

Question 13

Contents of posterior triangle

Answer 13

Veins- subclavian (blood from upper limb to heart)
Arteries- subclavian (heart to upper limb), occipital
Nerves- spinal accessory, brachial plexus (signals from spine to arms)
Organs- cervical lymph node (neck)

Question 14

Capitis

Answer 14

Head

Question 15

Colli

Answer 15

Neck

Question 16

Cervical muscles for flexion

Answer 16

80-90
Longus Colli 
Longus capitis 
Sternocleidomastoid
Rectus capitis anterior 
Scalenes

Question 17

Cervical muscles for extension

Answer 17

70- superficial + deep 
Erector + spinae group
Splenus capitis
Suboccipital muscles 
Trapezius 
Levator scapulae

Question 18

Cervical muscles for side bending

Answer 18

20-45
Erector spinae group
Sub-occipital group
Trapezius 
Scalenes 
Sternocleidomastoid 
Levator scapulae

Question 19

Cervical muscles for rotation

Answer 19

70-90
Sub-occipital group
Deep erector spinae
Sternocleidomastoid 
Trapezius 
Scalenes anterior