Thoracic Pulmonology

Question 1

Left lung lobes

Answer 1

Superior
Inferior
Lobes separated by oblique fissure

Question 2

Right lung lobes

Answer 2

Superior, middle, inferior
Oblique fissure separates superior/middle from inferior
Horizontal fissure separates superior and middle lobes

Question 3

Structures located at the pulmonary hilum

Answer 3

Pulmonary artery- thicker, more superior located vessel
Pulmonary vein- anteroinferior, has thinnest wall
Main bronchi- posteroinferior, has thickest wall which contains cartilage
Pulmonary ligament- hanging pleura from the root of the lung

Question 4

Right lung grooves

Answer 4

Groove for:
Azygous V
Esophagus
Superior/inferior vena cava
1st rib
Brachiocephalic V

Question 5

Left lung grooves

Answer 5

Groove for:
Aortic arch
Descending aorta
1st rib
Subclavian artery

Question 6

Anterior border of the lungs

Answer 6

Includes left lung
Cardiac notch- indentation of anteroinferior aspect of superior lobe
Lingula- thin process of superior lobe created by cardiac notch

Question 7

Inferior border of the lungs

Answer 7

Projects into the costodiaphragmatic and costomediastinal recesses

Question 8

Lung cancer

Answer 8

Can derive from actual lung tissue, or from the bronchi
Can involve the phrenic n., vagus n. and recurrent laryngeal n. due to their proximity to the lungs
Treatment can include removal of lung, lobe of lung, or a specific bronchopulmonary segment

Question 9

Parietal pleura

Answer 9

Adherent to thoracic wall, mediastinum and diaphragm
Includes:
Costal pleura- internal surface of thoracic wall
Mediastinal pleura- lateral mediastinum
Diaphragmatic pleura- superior diaphragm
Cervical pleura- over apex of lung

Question 10

Visceral pleura

Answer 10

Adherent to lungs, extends into the fissures

Question 11

Pleuritis

Answer 11

Inflammation of the pleura producing a roughness on the lungs, making breathing difficult

Question 12

Pulmonary collapse

Answer 12

Occurs when enough air enters the pleural cavity to break the surface tension b/w the two layers of pleura. The elasticity of the lungs causes them to collapse

Question 13

Pneumothorax

Answer 13

Entry of air into the pleural cavity from a penetrating wound to the thoracic wall or a rupture of a pulmonary lesion into the pleural cavity, which results in lung collapse

Question 14

Hydrothorax

Answer 14

Accumulation of excess fluid in the pleural cavity, usually the result of fluid escape into the pleural cavity or pleural effusion

Question 15

Hemothorax

Answer 15

Accumulation of blood in the pleural cavity, usually the result of a chest wound, or laceration of an intercostal vessel or internal thoracic vessel rather than laceration of the lung

Question 16

Sternal line of pleural reflection

Answer 16

Costal pleura becomes mediastinal pleura anteriorly

Question 17

Costal line of pleural reflection

Answer 17

Costal pleura becomes diaphragmatic pleura

Question 18

Vertebral line of pleural reflection

Answer 18

Costal pleura becomes mediastinal pleura posteriorly

Question 19

Trachea branch point

Answer 19

Posterior mediastinum

Question 20

Right main bronchus

Answer 20

Wider, shorter and runs more vertically than the left main bronchus

Question 21

Segmental bronchi

Answer 21

Tertiary bronchi, associated corresponding bronchopulmonary segment, branches into conducting bronchioles

Question 22

Bronchiole pathway

Answer 22

Primary->
Segmental->
Conducting->
Terminal->
Respiratory->
Alveolar duct- functional unit of the lung

Question 23

Secondary bronchus is the

Answer 23

Right superior, middle and inferior lobar bronchi

Question 24

Bronchial asthma

Answer 24

Widespread narrowing of the airways produced by contraction of smooth muscle, edema of the mucosa and mucus in the lumen of the bronchi and bronchioles

Question 25

Bronchopulmonary segments of right superior lobe

Answer 25

Apical, posterior, anterior

Question 26

BP segments of right middle lobe

Answer 26

Lateral, medial

Question 27

BP segments of right inferior lobe

Answer 27

Superior, anterior basal, medial basal, lateral basal and posterior basal

Question 28

BP segments of left superior lobe

Answer 28

Apical, posterior (usually combined as apicoposterior), anterior, superior and inferior (sup/inf are lingular)

Question 29

BP segments of left inferior lobe

Answer 29

Superior, anterior basal, medial basal (usually combined as anteromedial basal), lateral basal, posterior basal