Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Small Animal Anatomy > Thoracic Limb > Flashcards

Thoracic Limb Flashcards

1
Q

what is considered the ‘sling’ muscle?

A

serratus ventralis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Midline → cranial to caudal, what plane is this?

A

Median/
mid-sagittal plane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

If you were to cut a dog in half like Houdini, what type of plane would that be?

A

Transverse plane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the extensors of the shoulder?

A

infraspinatous
supraspinatous
subscapularis
coracobrachialis
biceps brachii

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the Flexors of the shoulder?

A

Deltoideous
Teres major
Teres minor
Latissimis Dorsi
Tricep- Long Head
Infraspinatous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the Extensors of the elbow?

A

Triceps (all heads)
Tensor fascia antebrachii
anconeous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the Flexors of the elbow? hint:2

A

Biceps Brachii
Brachialis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the Extensors of the carpus? hint:3

A

Extensor carpi radialis
Common digital extensor
Lateral digital extensor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the Flexors of the carpus? hint:5

A

flexor carpi radialis
superficial digital flexor
deep digital flexor
flexor carpi ulnaris
ulnaris lateralis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the Extensors of the digits? hint:2

A

lateral digital extensor
common digital extensor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the Flexors of the digits?

A

superficial digital flexor
deep digital flexor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is innervated by the Accessory nerve?

A

brachiocephalicus
sternocephalicus
omotransversarious
trapezius

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is innervated by the Axillary nerve?

A

Deltoideous
teres major
teres minor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is innervated by the median nerve?

A

pronator teres
pronator quadratus
flexor carpi radialis
superficial digital flexor
deep digital flexor (also innervated by ulnar nerve)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is innervated by the Musculocutaneous nerve?

A

coracobrachialis
biceps brachii
brachialis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is innervated by the suprascapular nerve?

A

supraspinatous
infraspinatous
subscapularis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is innervated by the radial nerve?

A

tensor fascia antebrachii
triceps brachii (all heads)
anconeous
extensor carpi radialis
common digital extensor
lateral digital extensor
ulnaris lateralis
abductor digiti 1 longus
supinator

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is innervated by the ulnar nerve?

A

flexor carpi ulnaris
deep digital flexor (also innervated by median nerve)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the digging muscle?

A

latissimis dorsi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the components of the “v” muscles?

A

Sternocecephalicus->
sternomastoideous (mastoid process)
and sternooccipitalus (nuchal crest)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what are the components of the “Y” muscles?

A

Brachiocecephalicus->
cleidocephalicus
->cleidomastoideus
->cleidocervicalis

(cleidobrachialis is a part of this set of muscles but not considered a part of the ‘y’ since it is further down the arm)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

which is closer to the trachea/ more medial: sternohyoideus or sternothyroideous?
*jordyn double check with ta’s

A

sternothyroideous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What digit(s) does the common digital extensor affect?

A

extends 2-5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what digit(s) does the lateral digital extensor affect?

A

extends 3-5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what digit(s) does the superficial digital flexor affect?

A

Flexes 2-5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what digit(s) does the abductor digiti 1 longus affect?

A

abducts the 1st digit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what direction is pronation: turn palmar surface up or down?

A

palmar surface down

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what direction is supination: palmar surface up or down?

A

palmar surface up

(as if holding soup)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Where does the deltoideus originate and insert?

A

origin: spine, acromion of scapula
Insertion: deltoid tuberosity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Where does the infraspinatous originate and insert?

A

origin: infraspinatous fossa
insertion: infraspinatous tuberosity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Where does the supraspinatous originate and insert?

A

origin: supraspinatous fossa
insertion: greater tubercle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Where does teres minor originate and insert?

A

origin: caudal border of scapula (infraglenoid tubercle)
insertion: teres minor tuberosity of humerus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Where does teres major originate and insert?

A

origin: caudal border of scapula (infraglenoid tubercle)
insertion: teres major tuberosity of humerus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Where does the subscapularis originate and insert?

A

origin: subscapular fossa
insertion: lesser tubercle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Where does the coracobrachialis originate and insert?

A

origin: coracoid process
insertion: medial humerus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Where does the tensor fascia antebrachii originate and insert?

A

origin: latissimus dorsi (in fascia)
insertion: olecranon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Where does the triceps brachii LONG head originate and insert?

A

origin: caudal border of scapula
insertion: olecranon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Where does the triceps brachii LATERAL head originate and insert?

A

origin: tricipital line (humerus)
insertion: olecranon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Where does the biceps brachii -accessory and medial heads originate and insert?

A

origin: proximal humerus
insertion: olecranon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Where does the anconeous originate and insert?

A

origin: lateral and medial epicondyles
insertion: olecranon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Where does the biceps brachii originate and insert?

A

origin: supraglenoid tubercle
insertion: radial and ulnar tuberosities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Where does the brachialis originate and insert?

A

origin: proximal humerus
insertion: radial and ulnar tuberosities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Where does the extensor carpi radialis originate and insert?

A

origin: lateral supracondylar crest
insertion: dorsal MC 2 and 3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Where does the common digital extensor originate and insert?

A

origin: lateral epicondyle
insertion: extensor process, distal phalanges of digits 2-5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Where does the lateral digital extensor originate and insert?

A

origin: lateral epicondyle
insertion: extensor process, distal phalanges of digits 3-5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Where does the ulnaris lateralis originate and insert?

A

origin: lateral epicondyle
insertion: MC V and accessory carpal bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Where does the abductor pollicis (digiti 1) longus originate and insert?

A

origin: ulna
insertion: MC 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Where does the supinator originate and insert?

A

origin: lateral epicondyle
insertion: proximal radius

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Where does the pronator teres originate and insert?

A

origin: medial epicondyle
insertion: medial radius

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Where does the flexor carpi radialis originate and insert?

A

origin: medial epicondyle
insertion: palmar MC 2 and 3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Where does the superficial digital flexor originate and insert?

A

origin: medial epicondyle
insertion: palmar surface, middle phalanges of digits 2-5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Where does the flexor carpi ulnaris originate and insert?

A

origin: ulnar head- olecranon; humeral head- medial epicondyle
insertion: accessory carpal bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Where does the deep digital flexor originate and insert?

A

origin: humoral head- medial epicondyle; radial head- radius; ulnar head- ulna
insertion: palmar surface, digital phalanges of digits 1-5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Where does the pronator quadratus attach?

A

attachments: opposed surfaces of radius and ulna

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Where do the superficial pectoral muscles originate and insert? what is its action?

A

origin: first 2 sternebrae
insertion: crest of the greater tubercle
action: adduct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Where do the deep pectoral muscles originate and insert?

A

origin: sternum
insertion: greater and lesser tubercles of the humerus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Where does the trapezius originate and insert?

A

origin: median raphe of the neck, supraspinous ligament
insertion: spine of scapula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Where does the rhomboidious originate and insert?

A

origin: median raphe of neck, nuchal crest
insertion: dorsal border of the scapula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Where does the latissimus dorsi originate and insert?

A

origin: spinous process of thoracic and lumbar vertebrae, thoracolumbar fascia
insertion: teres major tuberosity of the humerus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Where does the serratus ventralis originate and insert?

A

origin: the transverse process of cervical vertebrae, middle of first 7-8 ribs
insertion: the serrated face of the scapula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

What is the definition of a fossa?

A

a depression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

what is the definition of an acromion?

A

the shoulder
-the tip on the outer end of the spine of the scapula that protects the glenoid cavity forms the outer angle of the shoulder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

What is the definition of a glenoid?

A

a shallow cup

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

what does coracoid mean?

A

a bird beak

65
Q

Does a cat have a supratrochlear foramen?

A

no

66
Q

does a cat have a suprachondylar foramen?

A

yes

67
Q

What part of a bone can often fail to unite?

A

the anconeal process

68
Q

what does ungual refer to?

A

nail/claw

69
Q

What does it mean to flex?

A

to make flexor angle smaller

70
Q

what does it mean to extend?

A

to make the flexor angle larger

71
Q

what does it mean to adduct?

A

move towards midline

72
Q

what does it mean to abduct muscle?

A

move muscle away from midline

73
Q

How many cervical vertebrae do mammals have?

A

7

74
Q

how many thoracic vertebrae do canines have?

A

13

75
Q

how many lumbar vertebrae do canines have?

A

7

76
Q

how many sacral vetrebrae to canines have?

A

technically 3 but they may fuse and look like 1

77
Q

What action does the Atlas vertebrae (C1) do?
Atlanto-occipitaljoint

A

flexion and extention= ‘yes joint’

78
Q

What action does the axis vertebrae (C2) do?
atlanto-axialjoint

A

Rotation/ pivot= ‘no joint’

79
Q

which cervical vertebrae does not have a transverse foramen?

A

C7

80
Q

which cervical vertebrae has an expanded ventral lamina of the transverse process?

A

C6

81
Q

Where does the first cervical spinal nerve (and artery and vein) pass through?

A

The lateral vertebral lamina of C1

82
Q

what cervicalvertebrae has the tallest spinous process?

A

C7

83
Q

what passes through the transverse foramen?

A

the vertebral artery and vein

84
Q

What reflex does the cutaneus trunci cause?

A

the panniculus reflex

85
Q

What veins do not have partner arteries in the thoracic limb?

A

cephalic vein
axillobrachial
omobrachial

86
Q

what does the word condyle mean?

A

looks like a knuckle

87
Q

What passes through the supracondylar foramen in cats?

A

brachial artery and median nerve

( does not exist in dogs)

88
Q

what passes through the supratrochlear foramen in dogs?

A

nothing

89
Q

what does the word trochlea mean?

A

a pulley

90
Q

what muscle has a vistigial sesamoid bone? it may be mistaken as a fracture on radiographs

A

the abductor digiti 1 longus

91
Q

What would happen if the radial nerve lost function?

A

total loss would cause the animal to stand with the joint uncharacteristically flexed

92
Q

What will happen if the musculocutaneous nerve lost full function?

A

will affect the ability to flex the elbow joint
does not affect the gate or animal’s ability to stand

*rare case

93
Q

what will happen if the axillary nerve lost function?

A

Does not impair the animal’s gate since other muscles are potentially able to flex shoulder

94
Q

what will happen if the subscapular nerve lost function?

A

lateral deviation of the shoulder and, with time, noticeable atrophy of muscles in shoulder

95
Q

will the loss of either the median or ulnar nerve (singularly) affect an animal’s gate?

A

No, because the overlap of the nerves and their motor distribution makes it unlikely

96
Q

what rib does the subclavian artery wrap around as it leaves the thoracic cavity?

A

first rib.

name changes from the subclavian to the axillary artery

97
Q

what does DCDA stand for?

A

dorsal common digital artery
(will be the more superficial artery in the paw)

98
Q

what does DMCV stand for?

A

dorsal metacarpal vein
(deep veins in paw)

99
Q

What does DPDN stand for?

A

Dorsal proper digital nerve
(in paw)

100
Q

what does the direction axial mean?

A

on the side facing the central axis
(usually used to describe digits)

101
Q

what does the direction abaxial mean?

A

on the side facing away from the central axis
(used to describe digits)

102
Q

A dog holding a bone in its paws would be pronation or supination?

A

Pronation, because the dog is holding the bone by applying the pressure downward

103
Q

What are the components of the axial skeleton?

A

Skull
Hyoid process
Vertebral column
Ribs
sternum

104
Q

What are the components of the appendicular skeleton?

A

Thoracic and pelvic limbs

105
Q

What is the order of regions within a long bone from proximal tip to mid-bone?

A

Epiphysis
Epiphysis plate
Metaphysics
Diaphysis

106
Q

What is the average number of coccygeal/caudal vertebrae? outliers may occur

A

20-25

107
Q

Key features of C1

A

Transverse and lateral foramina

108
Q

Key features of C2

A

Dens and spinous process

109
Q

Key feature of C3-C5

A

Spinous process increase in height from cranial to caudal

110
Q

Key feature of C6

A

Expanded ventral lamina of the transverse process

111
Q

Key features of C7

A

No transverse foramen and has the tallest spinous process of the cervical vertebrae

112
Q

What goes through the transverse foramina?

A

Vertebral artery and vein

113
Q

What goes through the lateral vertebral foramen on C1?

A

C1 cervical nerve

114
Q

What is considered the brachial plexus?

A

Last 3, first 2= C6,C7,C8,T1,T2

115
Q

Define fibrous joints. What is an example?

A

Bones united by dense connective tissue
Example: suture of skull

116
Q

Define cartilaginous joints. What’s an example?

A

Bones united by cartilage.
Ex: intervertebral discs, between skull and hyoid apparatus

117
Q

Define synovial joints

A

A fluid filled cavity that envelopes union of bones

118
Q

Name a few examples of synovial joints

A

Atlanta-occipital joint: flexion and extension (the YES joint)
Atlanta-axial joint: pivot joint and rotates (the NO joint)
The rest of the cervical joints: plane joints that slide

119
Q

Distal scapula, attachment point of the biceps brachii, and originating area for tendinitis. What am I?

A

Supraglenoid tubercle

120
Q

Distal scapula, insertion of the deltoideus

A

Acromion

121
Q

Proximal ulna, attachment of the anconeus

A

Anconeal process

122
Q

Proximal humerus, insertion of supraspinatus and infraspinatus

A

Greater tubercle

123
Q

Flexors of digits attach where?

A

Medial epicondyle

124
Q

Extensors of digits attach where?

A

Lateral epicondyles

125
Q

Insertion location of the triceps and anconeus

A

Olecranon

126
Q

What attaches to the accessory carpal bone?

A

Ulnaris lateralis and flexor carpi ulnaris

127
Q

Where does the nuchal ligament attach to in a dog?

A

C2

128
Q

Where does the supraspinous ligament attach?

A

T1-2 to S1

129
Q

What is the purpose of the intercapital ligament?

A

Cover and protect intervertebral discs, the goal is to prevent herniation

130
Q

What about intervertebral discs makes them susceptible to herniation?

A

Intervertebral discs are thinner on the dorsal side

131
Q

Where is the vertebral longitudinal ligament located?

A

Along ventral vertebral bodies

132
Q

Where is the dorsal longitudinal ligament?

A

Inside vertebral canal along dorsal vertebral bodies

133
Q

What path would need to be taken for in laminectomy for a dorsal approach?

A

The transversospinalis group will be reflected

134
Q

What path would need to be taken for an intervertebral disc surgery from a ventral approach?

A

Reflect the longus colli muscle

135
Q

What are the muscles of respiration?

A

Scalenus
Serratus dorsalis (cranialis and caudalis)
External and internal intercostals

136
Q

Clinical signs of damage for the thoracodorsal nerve

A

Digging action impaired

137
Q

Clinical signs of damage of the axillary nerve

A

Reduced flexion of the shoulder
(Can still flex the shoulder because of the long head of the triceps and the latissimus dorsi)

138
Q

Clinical signs of damage to the suprascapular nerve

A

Atrophy to muscles (supraspinatus and infraspinatus)
Reduced extension
Migration of the limb away from the body

139
Q

Clinical signs of damage to the subscapular nerve

A

Nothing
Can still extend shoulder because of the supraspinatus and infraspinatus

140
Q

Clinical signs of damage to the musculocutaneous nerve

A

Cannot flex elbow

(Can still extend shoulder because of the infraspinatus , supraspinatus, and subscapularis muscles)

141
Q

Clinical signs of damage to the radial nerve (proximal and/or distal)

A

Proximal: cannot extend elbow, cannot bear weight
Distal: cannot extend carpus or digits -> knuckling

142
Q

Clinical signs of damage to the median nerve

A

Reduced flexion of the digits -> plantigrade stance
= cannot stand on digits so stands on metacarpals

143
Q

Clinical signs of damage to the ulnar nerve

A

Cannot stand on digits, stands on metacarpals

144
Q

Blood supply to the head

A

Internal carotid and vertebral arteries

145
Q

Blood flow in a dog (order of arteries)

A

Subclavian-> axillary -> brachial -> median -> manus

146
Q

Order of arteries for blood flow in a cat

A

Subclavian -> axillary -> brachial -> median -> radial -> manus

147
Q

Boundaries of the carpal canal

A

Lateral: accessory bone
Ventral: flexor retinaculum
Dorsal: palmar carpal ligament

148
Q

Structures within the carpal canal

A

Median and ulnar nerves

149
Q

Differences in the acromion between dogs and cats

A

Dogs: rounded acromion

Cats: larger acromion and cats have a metacromion which functions as an insertion of the trapezius and the origin of the omotransversarius

150
Q

Difference in coracoid process between dogs and cats

A

Dogs: small coracoid process

Cats: better developed coracoid process

151
Q

What is the difference between long bones in dogs and cats?

A

Cats have straighter long bones and dogs’ are more curved

152
Q

Declawing in cats, what is removed?

A

The distal phalanx is removed, cutting off the insertion of the deep digital flexors

153
Q

What artery provides blood to the head?

A

common corotid artery

154
Q

What vein runs from the head?

A

Jugular vein

155
Q

what type of joint is the atlanto-axial joint?

A

a synovial pivot joint

156
Q

What muscles attach to the accessory carpal bone?

A

ulnaris lateralis and flexor carpi ulnaris

157
Q

(Dr. Holliday Q)
A dog has presented to you that can extend its elbow joint and bear weight, however, only on the dorsal aspect of its manus. When you test the dorsal manus for sensation, the dog is clearly feeling it in his skin. What specific nerve damage might explain this presentation?

A

deep branch of radial nerve on surface of brachialis muscle

158
Q

What is the carpus trunci innervated by? Is that nerve a part of the brachial plexus?

A

lateral thoracic nerve and yes, so if the brachial plexus is severed there will no longer be a penniculus response

159
Q

What is a common issue for the ancconeal process and what does it result in?

A

Ununited annconeal process -> non-weight bearing lameness

Small Animal Anatomy (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions