Reproduction/Fetal

Question 1

What type of innervation is an erection?

Answer 1

(Point) Parasympathetic vasodilator activity allows for filing of erectile tissue

Question 2

What type of innervation is reproductive emission?

Answer 2

(Load) Sympathetic contraction of smooth muscle in the ductus deferens and prostate gland moves spermatozoa and accessory gland fluids into pelvic urethra

Question 3

What type of innervation is ejaculation?

Answer 3

(shoot) somatic innervation
causes rhythmic contractions of muscles, moving the semen through the urethra into the vagina

Question 4

What muscles are contracted during ejaculation?

Answer 4

bulbospongiosus, ischiocavernosus, and urethralis skeletal muscles,

Question 5

Main nerve supplying male reproductive organs with parasympathetic innervation

Answer 5

pelvic nerve

Question 6

Main nerve supplying male reproductive organs with sympathetic innervation

Answer 6

hypogastric nerve

Question 7

Main nerve supplying male reproductive organs with somatic innervation

Answer 7

pudendal nerve

Question 8

Key components of both male and female anatomy that cause the coital tie

Answer 8

male- the glands penis (pars longus glandis and *pars bulbus glandis)
Female- vestibule and *vestibular bulbs

Question 9

How long is canine gestation?

Answer 9

range of 59-63 days
63 days is commonly accepted

Question 10

On what day of gestation are all major organs formed in the fetus?

Answer 10

35

Question 11

What span of time does most of the growth occur in gestation?

Answer 11

35-60 days

Question 12

When is pregnancy able to be confirmed by radiograph?

Answer 12

possible around day 42
Day 45 onward is commonly accepted

Question 13

What type of species has bone development that is incomplete at birth?

Answer 13

altricial species (carnivores)

Question 14

Species whose young are immediately and quickly mobile

Answer 14

precocial species (cattle/horses)

Question 15

What is the problem with fetal circulation?

Answer 15

not all fetal organs are able to handle the volume of blood that will come their way after birth, these organs must be trained

Solution: use shunts to decrease the volume

Question 16

what are the 3 shunts in fetal circulation?

Answer 16

ductus venosus (the duct of the veins)
foramen ovale
ductus arteriosus ( the duct of the arteries)

Question 17

Where is the ductus venous? What kind of shunt is the persistent ductus venosus?

Answer 17

the liver; a portosystemic shunt

Question 18

Where does the foramen ovale shunt blood to?

Answer 18

the left atrium

Question 19

What is it called when the foramen ovale doesn’t close right after birth?

Answer 19

a patent foramen ovale
can be normal in newborns

Question 20

where is the ductus arteriosus?

Answer 20

between the pulmonary trunk and aorta just distal to where the left subclavian branches

Question 21

What does a patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) cause?

Answer 21

creates backflow of oxygenated blood into the pulmonary trunk - increases the amount of blood going to the lungs and overworks them

Question 22

what nerve wraps around the ligamentum arteriosum?

Answer 22

left recurrent laryngeal

Question 23

What is the fate of the ductus venosus?

Answer 23

ligamentum venosum

Question 24

What is the fate of the ductus artreriosus?

Answer 24

ligamentum arteriosum

Question 25

What is the fate of the foramen ovale?

Answer 25

the fossa ovale

Question 26

What is the fate of the umbilical vein?

Answer 26

round ligament of the liver (found within falciform ligament ( ventral mesentery))

Question 27

What is the fate of the umbilical arteries?

Answer 27

arise from internal iliac arteries, may or may not remain patent if remain patent, become cranial vesicle arteries of the urinary bladder if not patent, become round ligaments of the urinary bladder

Question 28

what are the 3 germ layers that form the embryo and contribute to the formation of fetal membranes?

Answer 28

ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm

Question 29

what makes up the chorion?

Answer 29

trophoblast and mesoderm

Question 30

what makes up the allantochorion (chorioallantoic placenta)?

Answer 30

allantois and chorion

Question 31

What makes up the choriovitelline placenta?

Answer 31

yolk sac and chorion

Question 32

what are the 3 fluid-filled cavities of the embryo?

Answer 32

amniotic cavity allantoic cavity yolk sac cavity

Question 33

what are the two main types of placenta?

Answer 33

choriovitelline placenta chorioallantoic placenta(most important) (both types exist simultaneously in early gestation)

Question 34

what is the zonary placenta?

Answer 34

the grossly visible lamellae of the carnivore placenta that are arranged in a girdle or band around the equator of the chorionic sac

Question 35

What are regions of the broad ligaments (2) of the female reproductive system?

Answer 35

mesosalpinx mesovarium mesometrium

Question 36

what does the gubernaculum mean?

Answer 36

the guide

Question 37

what does the mesosalpinx support?

Answer 37

the uterine tube (fat deposit site; therefore difficult to determine boundaries in canines)

Question 38

what makes up the wall of the ovarian bursa

Answer 38

mesovarium and mesosalpinx

Question 39

what is the ovarian bursa?

Answer 39

the space between the ovary and wall

Question 40

what is the ovarian pedicle?

Answer 40

Surgeons refer to the mesovarium by this name

Question 41

what does the mesovarium extend between?

Answer 41

extends between the ovary and dorsolateral abdominal wall (must be ruptured to exteriorize the ovarian pedicle during spays)

Question 42

what ligaments does the mesovarium contain?

Answer 42

suspensory ligament of the ovary proper ligament of the ovary

Question 43

What does the mesometrium include

Answer 43

uterine body uterine cervix cranial vagina

Question 44

What do the mesonephric tubules become in the male?

Answer 44

rete testis and efferent ductules

Question 45

What does the mesonephric duct become in the male?

Answer 45

epididymal duct and ductus deferens

Question 46

What does the paramesonephric duct become in femelaes?

Answer 46

female tract

Question 47

What would some cystic remnants in the female reproductive tract be from?

Answer 47

near ovary: epoöphoron and paroöphoron along uterine body: Gartner's duct

Question 48

What are the 2 main male developmental remnants?

Answer 48

uterus masculinis- remnants of paramesonephric ducts (both common in GSD) paraprostatic cysts

Question 49

what structure in the vagina may interfere with the deposit of semen into the vaginal fornix?

Answer 49

the dorsal median fold

Question 50

what are commissures?

Answer 50

v shape folds

Question 51

What may develop in female reproductive systems with some endocrine disorders?

Answer 51

os clitoridis