Reproduction/Fetal Flashcards
What type of innervation is an erection?
(Point) Parasympathetic vasodilator activity allows for filing of erectile tissue
What type of innervation is reproductive emission?
(Load) Sympathetic contraction of smooth muscle in the ductus deferens and prostate gland moves spermatozoa and accessory gland fluids into pelvic urethra
What type of innervation is ejaculation?
(shoot) somatic innervation
causes rhythmic contractions of muscles, moving the semen through the urethra into the vagina
What muscles are contracted during ejaculation?
bulbospongiosus, ischiocavernosus, and urethralis skeletal muscles,
Main nerve supplying male reproductive organs with parasympathetic innervation
pelvic nerve
Main nerve supplying male reproductive organs with sympathetic innervation
hypogastric nerve
Main nerve supplying male reproductive organs with somatic innervation
pudendal nerve
Key components of both male and female anatomy that cause the coital tie
male- the glands penis (pars longus glandis and *pars bulbus glandis)
Female- vestibule and *vestibular bulbs
How long is canine gestation?
range of 59-63 days
63 days is commonly accepted
On what day of gestation are all major organs formed in the fetus?
35
What span of time does most of the growth occur in gestation?
35-60 days
When is pregnancy able to be confirmed by radiograph?
possible around day 42
Day 45 onward is commonly accepted
What type of species has bone development that is incomplete at birth?
altricial species (carnivores)
Species whose young are immediately and quickly mobile
precocial species (cattle/horses)
What is the problem with fetal circulation?
not all fetal organs are able to handle the volume of blood that will come their way after birth, these organs must be trained
Solution: use shunts to decrease the volume
what are the 3 shunts in fetal circulation?
ductus venosus (the duct of the veins)
foramen ovale
ductus arteriosus ( the duct of the arteries)
Where is the ductus venous? What kind of shunt is the persistent ductus venosus?
the liver; a portosystemic shunt
Where does the foramen ovale shunt blood to?
the left atrium
What is it called when the foramen ovale doesn’t close right after birth?
a patent foramen ovale
can be normal in newborns
where is the ductus arteriosus?
between the pulmonary trunk and aorta just distal to where the left subclavian branches
What does a patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) cause?
creates backflow of oxygenated blood into the pulmonary trunk - increases the amount of blood going to the lungs and overworks them
what nerve wraps around the ligamentum arteriosum?
left recurrent laryngeal
What is the fate of the ductus venosus?
ligamentum venosum
What is the fate of the ductus artreriosus?
ligamentum arteriosum
What is the fate of the foramen ovale?
the fossa ovale
What is the fate of the umbilical vein?
round ligament of the liver (found within falciform ligament ( ventral mesentery))
What is the fate of the umbilical arteries?
arise from internal iliac arteries, may or may not remain patent
if remain patent, become cranial vesicle arteries of the urinary bladder
if not patent, become round ligaments of the urinary bladder
what are the 3 germ layers that form the embryo and contribute to the formation of fetal membranes?
ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm
what makes up the chorion?
trophoblast and mesoderm
what makes up the allantochorion (chorioallantoic placenta)?
allantois and chorion
What makes up the choriovitelline placenta?
yolk sac and chorion
what are the 3 fluid-filled cavities of the embryo?
amniotic cavity
allantoic cavity
yolk sac cavity
what are the two main types of placenta?
choriovitelline placenta
chorioallantoic placenta(most important)
(both types exist simultaneously in early gestation)
what is the zonary placenta?
the grossly visible lamellae of the carnivore placenta that are arranged in a girdle or band around the equator of the chorionic sac
What are regions of the broad ligaments (2) of the female reproductive system?
mesosalpinx
mesovarium
mesometrium
what does the gubernaculum mean?
the guide
what does the mesosalpinx support?
the uterine tube (fat deposit site; therefore difficult to determine boundaries in canines)
what makes up the wall of the ovarian bursa
mesovarium and mesosalpinx
what is the ovarian bursa?
the space between the ovary and wall
what is the ovarian pedicle?
Surgeons refer to the mesovarium by this name
what does the mesovarium extend between?
extends between the ovary and dorsolateral abdominal wall
(must be ruptured to exteriorize the ovarian pedicle during spays)
what ligaments does the mesovarium contain?
suspensory ligament of the ovary
proper ligament of the ovary
What does the mesometrium include
uterine body
uterine cervix
cranial vagina
What do the mesonephric tubules become in the male?
rete testis and efferent ductules
What does the mesonephric duct become in the male?
epididymal duct and ductus deferens
What does the paramesonephric duct become in femelaes?
female tract
What would some cystic remnants in the female reproductive tract be from?
near ovary: epoöphoron and paroöphoron
along uterine body: Gartner’s duct
What are the 2 main male developmental remnants?
uterus masculinis- remnants of paramesonephric ducts
(both common in GSD)
paraprostatic cysts
what structure in the vagina may interfere with the deposit of semen into the vaginal fornix?
the dorsal median fold
what are commissures?
v shape folds
What may develop in female reproductive systems with some endocrine disorders?
os clitoridis
