Anatomy Second Exam Overview Flashcards
What are the boundaries of the thoracic inlet?
Lateral- 1st pair of ribs and their costal cartilages
Dorsal- 1st thoracic vertebra and longus coli muscles
Ventral- manubrium (of sternum)
What structures are inside the thoracic inlet?
trachea
esophagus
nerves
vessels
cranial-most portion of the lungs and pleura
What are the contents of the mediastinum?
thymus
lymph nodes
heart
aorta
trachea
esophagus
vagal nerves
What are the contents of the cranial mediastinum?
thymus
phrenic nerve
trachea
esophagus
What are the contents of the medial mediastinum?
the heart
What are the contents of the caudal mediastinum?
accessory lobe of right lung
diaphragm
aorta
caudal vena cava
What is inside the pleural cavity?
NOTHING
Where is the pulmonary/visceral pleura?
closely attached to the surface of the lungs, following their lobes
What is parietal pleura?
pleura that lines the body wall
What is the parietal pleura attached to?
attached to the thoracic wall and the endothoraic fascia
Where is the costal pleura?
covering the inner surface of the ribs
Where is the diaphragmatic pleura?
covering the cranial surface of the diaphragm
What is the mediastinal pleura?
covers the partition between the 2 cavities
What does the mediastinum contain?
the 2 mediastinum pleura and the space between them
What is the name of the pleura that covers the heart?
pericardial mediastinal pleura
What is the thoracic duct?
the main channel for return of lymph to the venous system (mainly from viscera and pelvic limb)
also a major transporter of fat (chylomicrons) absorbed from the GI tract into the venous system
Where does the thoracic duct begin?
begins in the sublumbar region between the cura of the diaphragm, as a cranial continuation of the cisterna chyli
Where does the thoracic duct empty?
into the left brachiocephalic vein near the left subclavian vein
What is the fluid of the thoracic duct called?
chyle
What would happen if the thoracic duct ruptures with trauma or disease?
chylothorax- chyle leaks into the pleural space
Blood flow in the heart
cranial and caudal vena cava deliver deoxygenated blood to the right atrium->
pushes deoxygenated blood through right AV valve into right ventricle->
pushes deoxy blood through the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary trunk -> pulmonary artery (deoxygenated blood)-> lungs ->
Pulmonary vein brings oxy blood to the left atrium->
pushes oxy blood through the left AV valve(mitral, bicuspid) to the left ventricle->
pushes oxy blood through aortic valve into the aorta->
through the systemic circulation
Flow of blood in ductus arteriosus: normal and abnormal
normal: pulmonary trunk to aorta
abnormal: aorta to pulmonary trunk
Where are the aortic arch and ductus arteriosus normally?
the aortic arch develops from the left 4th arch
ductus arteriosus develops from the left 6th arch
Where are the arches during a PRAA?
aortic arch develops from the right 4th arch
ductus arteriosus develops from the left 6th arch
i.e. they cross over and constrict around the esophagus
Where is the great cardiac vein? Where does it empty into?
runs up the paraconal groove, around the coronary groove to empty into the caudal vena cava
What separates the atria from ventricle?
coronary groove
Where does the right coronary artery run? Where does it stop?
only runs circumflex around the heart in the coronary groove and stops at the subsinuosal groove
What separates the ventricles?
interventricular groove
What vessel is in the paraconal interventricular groove?
left coronary artery branch
What vessel is in the subsinuosal interventricular groove?
middle cardiac vein
Is there anything in the pericardial cavity?
pericardial fluid
What are the layers of the pericardium?
parietal serous pericardium (epicardium/visceral layer)
-parietal layer (adheres the fibrous layer)
-pericardial cavity: between parietal and visceral serous
fibrous pericardium
pericardial mediastinal pleura
What does the dorsal root of the spinal nerve transmit?
dorsal root has visceral AFFERENT neurons that transmit SENSORY info to the brain
What does the ventral root of the spinal nerve transmit?
Ventral root has visceral EFFERENT neurons that transmit MOTOR info to the brain
What is the pneumonic for dorsal and ventral roots?
DAVE/SAME
What type of nerve is the phrenic nerve?
somatic
What does the phrenic nerve innervate?
the diaphragm
Where does the phrenic nerve arise?
cervical spinal nerves 5-7
What type of nerve is the recurrent laryngeal nerve?
somatic
what does the left recurrent laryngeal nerve wrap around?
ligamentum arteriosum
what does the right recurrent laryngeal nerve wrap around?
right subclavian
where do the major and minor splanchnic nerves go?
cranial mesenteric ganglion
What type of nerves are the splanchnic nerves?
sympathetic preganglionic
where do the lumbar splanchnic nerves go?
caudal mesenteric ganglion
What type of nerve is the pelvic nerve?
preganglionic parasympathetic
what does the pelvic nerve innervate?
bladder, rectum, descending colon (potentially more)
what type of nerve is the pudendal nerve?
somatic efferent motor
Where is the origin of the sympathetic nervous system?
sympathetic comes from thoracolumbar region
fight or flight
Where does the parasympathetic nervous system originate?
brain and sacrum region
what is the line of pleural reflection?
diaphragmatic parietal pleura turns (reflects) to become costal parietal pleura
how many lobar bronchi does the left lung have?
2 lobar bronchi = 2 lobes
how many lobar bronchi does the right lung have?
3 lobar bronchi (cranial, middle, caudal, aa9give off accessory))
muscles of inspiration in the dog
scalenus
serratus dorsalis cranialis
intercostals
muscles of expiration in the dog
serratus dorsalis caudalis
abdominal muscles
In the thoracic inlet, where are the esophagus and trachea positioned?
esophagus enters left on the left of the trachea
In the cervical region, where are the esophagus and trachea positioned?
esophagus is dorsal to trachea
What are the parts of the bile duct?
cystic and hepatic ducts
Stomach greater curvature blood supply
celiac-> spleen-> short gastrics
left: celiac -> splenic-> L. gastroepiploic
right: celiac -> hepatic -> R. gastroepiploic
Stomach lesser curvature blood supply
all gastric
left: celiac -> L. gastric
right: celiac -> hepatic -> R. gastric
What are the borders of the epiploic foramen?
cranial: liver
dorsal: caudal vena cava
ventral: portal vein
what does the epiploic foramen give access to?
omental bursa
Is the greater omentum dorsal or ventral mesentery?
dorsal
Is the lesser omentum dorsal or ventral mesentery?
vental
What does the root of the mesentery connect to?
the jejunum
what supplies the transverse colon?
cranial mesenteric artery
Where is the right kidney located in a dog? (vertebrae numbers)
T13-L2
Where is the left kidney located in a dog? (vertebrae numbers)
L1-L3
Where is the right kidney located in a cat? (vertebrae numbers)
L1-L4
Where is the left kidney located in a cat? (vertebrae numbers)
L2-L5
What is different in cat kidneys compared to dogs?
Cats has subscapular veins (on the outside) that drain into renal vein
more caudal than dogs
What is the renal hilus?
cavity/indentation where ureter, vessel, and nerves enter/exit the organ
What is the renal sinus?
A fat-filled space that surrounds the renal pelvis at the level of the hilus
What is the renal crest?
the longitudinal ridge of the medulla formed by fusion of the renal medullary papillae that projects into the renal pelvis of carnivores, small ruminants, and horses
What is renal pelvis?
the expanded initial portion of the ureter within the kidney
Urinary bladder control: what does the pelvic nerve do?
contract bladder wall by exciting parasympathetic stimulation (tells you to pee!)
If there is inflammation of the naval region, what ligaments would be affected?
round ligament-> falciform ligament
urinary bladder control: what does the hypogastric nerve do?
(postganglionic sympathetic nerve)
innervates the smooth muscle at the neck of the bladder (tells you not to pee!)
urinary bladder control: what does the pudendal nerve do?
(somatic nerve) innervates the skeletal urethralis muscle -the reason why we have some control of when we pee
What are some possible developmental remnants within the mesosalpinx?
epoöphoron and paroöphoron
(causes cysts close to ovaries)
What is a possible developmental remnant within the mesometrium?
gartner’s duct
(causes cysts on wall of vagina)
What structure may hinder your ability to pass a catheter for artificial insemination?
dorsal median fold
Name the portions of the oviduct
oviduct: infundibulum (includes fimbriae and abdominal ostium) -> ampulla -> isthmus -> uterine ostium
What is something that can develop (rarely) in females with an endocrine or developmental disorder?
os clitoris
what structure do you need to rupture during a spay?
suspensory ligament of the ovary must be ruptured
How many days is the canine gestational period?
63 days
What are the male and female structures involved in a coital tie?
female: vestibule- mainly vestibular bulb
male: glans penis (pars longus glandis and pars bulbus glandis)
( the bulb of the penis is NOT involved!!)
Fetal shunt: What is the purpose of the ductus venosus? What is its remnant?
shunts blood from umbilical vein to caudal vena cava
remnant: ligamentum venosum
Fetal shunt:vWhat is the purpose of the ductus arteriosus? What is its remnant?
shunts blood from the pulmonary trunk to the aorta
remnant: ligamentum arteriosum
(when this does not fully close it causes a PDA aka patent ductus arteriosus which in an animal that is no longer a fetus causes a backflow of blood from the aorta into the pulmonary trunk -> overloading the lungs)
What is the purpose of the foramen ovale? What is its remnant?
shunts blood from the right atrium to the left atrium
remnant: fossa ovalis
What membrane is considered the placenta in carnivores?
chorioallantoic placenta
What type of placenta do carnivores have?
zonary
What nerve causes an erection? What is happening in the tissues?
the pelvic nerve
parasympathetic vasodilator activity allows for filling of the erectile tissue
What nerve is associated with emission during copulation in a male dog?
hypogastric nerve -> sympathetic
What muscles are innervated during emission?
smooth muscle in the ductus deferens and prostate gland
-> moves spermatozoa and accessory gland fluids into pelvic urethra
What nerve is associated with ejaculation?
pudendal nerve - somatic
What muscles are innervated for ejaculation?
bulbospongiosus, ischiocavernosus, and urethralis
(skeletal muscles)
somatic innervation causes rhythmic contractions of the bulbospongiosus, ischiocavernosus, and urethralis skeletal muscles, moving the semen through the urethra into the vagina
Where is the cremaster muscle located? Is it in the vaginal tunic?
NO its not in the vaginal tunic. It is outside
External to the parietal vaginal tunic
What are the structures involved in the thermoregulation of male reproductive organs? What are their roles?
tunica dartos (dartos muscle)
- causes surface wrinkling when contracted
cremaster muscle
- innervated by genitofemoral nerve
- moves genitals closer or further from the body
Pampiform plexus
-countercurrent heat exchange
In a male cat, what is the glans penis covered in?
cornified spines
Does a castrated cat have spines on the glans penis?
no, the disappear
What is balanitis?
inflammation of glans penis
What is posthitis
inflammation of the prepuce
What is balanoposthitis?
inflammation of both the glans penis and the prepuce
What muscles attach to the accessory carpal bone? What are they innervated by?
ulnaris lateralis (radial nerve)
flexor carpi ulnaris (ulnar nerve)
Where do spinal nerves pass through? (excluding C1)
intervertebral foramen
innervation of flexors
flexor carpi ulnaris (ulnar nerve)
Would the elbow still be able to flex if the biceps brachii were to rupture?
yes because it still has the brachialis muscle to compensate
Would a dog still be able to flex the shoulder if the axillary nerve was damaged?
yes because it has the long head of the triceps (radial nerve) to compensate
What is the identifying characteristic of the Atlas (C1)?
wings!
What is the identifying characteristic of the Axis (C2)?
largest spinous process
What is the identifying characteristic of C6?
expanded vertebral foramen of the transverse process (largest transverse process)
What are the identifying characteristics of C7?
tallest spinous process, no transverse foramen
What would happen if a dog had radial nerve damage below the tricep?
lose carpus extensors -unable to extend paw (would walk on dorsal side of paw)
What would happen if a dog had radial nerve damage above the tricep?
lose elbow and carpus extensors
(hold leg close to body)
Where is the axillary lymph node located?
in the axillary region - under the armpit near the brachial plexus
Where is the cervical lymph node located?
under the omotransversarious near the shoulder
What are the borders of the carpal canal?
palmar carpal ligament, flexor retinaculum, accessory carpal bone
What type of muscle is the diaphragm?
skeletal muscle
What is the diaphragm innervated by?
phrenic nerve
what type of nerve is the ansa subclavian? Know where it goes
sympathetic, pre ganglionic
What are the qualities of the vagosympathetic trunk?
parasympathetic, sympathetic, visceral afferent, somatic, preganglionic
What drains into the right atrium?
cranial and caudal vena cava and the coronary sinus
where is the ligamentum arteriosum?
between the aorta and pulmonary trunk
Where is the paraconal groove located?
between the right and left ventricle
What is the apex of the heart?
the left ventricle
Where is the moderator band (trabecular septum argenous) located?
in the right ventricle
Where is the fossa ovalis located?
between the right and left atrium
What type of nerve is the pelvic nerve?
parasympathetic and preganglionic
What is the external anal sphincter innervated by?
caudal rectal nerve
don’t cut this or you will have lots of problems
What is important about the urethral tubercle?
separates uterine and urethral openings
What vessels need to be ligated during a spay?
the ovarian and uterine arteries
Where does the ovarian artery originate?
aorta
Where does the uterine artery originate?
uterine artery branches off from the vaginal artery which branched off of the internal pudendal
do NOT cut the ureter
During a spay what do you need to pull apart?
mesovarium
What is the frondose chorion?
the region of the chorion where folds, lamellae, or villi increase surface area
(rough portion of the chorioallantoic membrane - the placenta)
What are the points of the trigone in the bladder?
both ureter openings and the urethra
During a lobectomy in the lungs, what needs to be tied off?
the lobar bronchi
NOT the principle bronchus
During a lobectomy in the lungs, what needs to be tied off?
the lobar bronchi
NOT the principle bronchus
What is the purpose of the azygous vein?
runs along caudal vena cava to return deoxygenated blood from the dorsal intercostals back to the right atrium
Is the external pudendal artery a part of the spermatic cord?
no
What is the spermatic cord made up of?
ductus deferens and testicular artery and vein
Where is the cremaster muscle coming from?
internal abdominal oblique
What is the cremaster muscle innervated by?
Genitofemoral nerve (L5)
What does STEEGA stand for?
contents of the inguinal canal in a male:
Spermatic cord (ductus deferens)
testicular artery
external cremaster
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
external pudendal artery and vein
genitofemoral nerve
afferent lymph
What does the artery of the bulb of the penis supply?
bulbospongiosum, corpus spongiosum, and penile urethra
What does the deep artery of the penis supply?
corpus cavernosum
What does the dorsal artery of the penis supply?
bulbus glandis, pars longa glandis, and the prepuce
in an open castration, what testes layer do they cut?
parietal vaginal tunic
Where does the testicular artery originate?
aorta
Where does the external pudendal artery originate?
external iliac -> deep femoral -> pudendal epigastric trunk
-> external pudendal artery
What portion of the stomach does the esophagus enter into?
cardiac portion (cardiac ostium)
During the surgical procedure involving the rectum to relieve impaction, we have to think about blood vessels that provide blood supply to the rectum. Which of the following vessels provide blood supply to the rectum (cranial, middle, and caudal rectum)?
A. caudal mesenteric artery
B. internal iliac artery
C. external iliac artery
D. A and B
E. B and C
F. A and C
D. caudal mesenteric artery and internal iliac artery
Which of the following vessels has to be ligated when you perform surgery on the descending colon?
A. middle colic artery
B. right colic artery
C. left colic artery
D. celiac artery
C. left colic artery
What region of the stomach, during regurgitation, is where the stomach contents pass through in a backward flow prior to entering the esophagus?
A. pylorus
B. body
C. fundus
D. cardia
D. cardia
Which of the following is true regarding the celiac branch of the vagus? (tagged structure)
A. it is a somatic nerve
B.it is a preganglionic sympathetic nerve
C. it is a postganglionic sympathetic nerve
D. it is a preganglionic parasympathetic nerve
E. it is a postganglionic parasympathetic nerve
D. preganglionic parasympathetic nerve
There is a benign tumor in the tagged muscle (accessory head of the triceps) which resulted in the removal of this portion of the muscle. The result is a complete loss of extension of the elbow, true or false?
false
Tagged peritoneal pouch is important potential space in the pelvic cavity
(between uterus and colon)
rectogenital pouch
What structures is the duodenocolic fold between?
left colon and duodenum
The jejunum attaches to the body wall through mesentery, true or false?
true
Which of the following statements about coronary circulation is NOT true?
A.The right and left sinuses are located behind the cusps of the aortic valves
B. the right coronary artery leaves the right aortic sinus, runs to the right into the coronary groove
C. the left coronary artery on leaving the left coronary sinus immediately divides into the paraconal interventricular artery and the circumflex branch which descends into the subsinosal groove as the subsinosal branch
D. In the dog, the right coronary artery gives off the subsinosal interventricular branch into the subsinosal interventricular groove
(THIS WILL BE ON THE EXAM)
D. In the dog, the right coronary artery gives off the subsinosal interventricular branch into the subsinosal interventricular groove
An 8-year-old castrated male dog was presented to the UGA VTH with a history of nonpainful hard swelling over the abdominal region. He was BAR and within normal parameters. On CT examination, there was a large tumor in his abdominal cavity and on biopsy, it was confirmed as a hepatocellular carcinoma. On surgical exploration, it was found that this tumor mass was compressing the cranial mesenteric artery. Which of the following structures will have impeded blood supply?
A. liver
B. greater curvature of stomach
C. duodenum
D. ileum
E. pancreas
D. ileum
What are the boundaries of the deep inguinal ring?
cranial: caudal edge of internal abdominal oblique muscle
medial: lateral border of rectus abdominis
caudal: inguinal ligament
