Thomas Self And Others 2

Question 1

Interacting with others

Answer 1

Theory of mind tests, children over 4 pass, under don’t. Ps play game against computer but told a person, ps told this showed increased activity in frontal lobe . Activation not there for discrimated groups (dehumanised)

Question 2

Empathy

Answer 2

Titchener: key to social world . One day old babies to real, Kate or no crying- greater response to real crying Sagi and Hoffman 76. Singer 2004: ps had electric shocks in mri then told partner would get one, neural overlap between own and others pain

Question 3

Self presentation

Answer 3

How ppl present affects what others think. 2 motivations: audience construction (want to match audience preferences) and self constructions (ideal self). Impression managemt - Jung on persona: impression motivation (differs depending on context like when at home) and constructions (social norm constraints) online self is an exaggeration of public self

Question 4

Self sexualisation - Iran and undergrads

Answer 4

Iran has forced modesty so sexualisation more in the face, biggest plastic surgery markets, those who consumed more objectifying media had lower self esteem and heavier makeup, more body monitoring and shopping- could be cultural resistance. Ramsey and horan 2018: f undegddass had higher sexualisation on insta and due to wanting attention but ones who did had more likes .

Question 5

Self sexualisation- social media, objectification

Answer 5

Adreassen 2017: young women have more SM addiction who are single and narcissistic (feeds the ego), kellie 2019: sexualised women seen as more promiscuous, less intelligent, defined moral concern and both men and women objectify women a similar amount - less time looking at face so less theory of mind?. Barnard 2020: women with heavy makeup seen as less intelligent - objectifation not just focused on body

Question 6

Self objectification - defining and evidence on social media

Answer 6

Seeing self worth in terms of sexual appeal to neglect of other capacities and functions frederiksen 97. Internal psych based on looking glass self (self based on how others view). Measure using physical competence compared to appearance wollast. Bell 2018: recent posts on insta, most not sexualised but third scantily clad and some sexually suggestive pose, more likes but appearance over intelligence

Question 7

Self objectification - negative effects, origin and critiques

Answer 7

Moradi 2008: leads to low self esteem, easing disorder and worse academics. Objectification theory is women internalise culture raised in frederikson 97 e.g. tube ad on beach body. Vandenbosch 2012: girls who see more objectifying media thought more important to be attractive than healthy, more time objectifying . Correlation not causation- objectification could drive culture and women sexualised selves (OF). Riley 2016: women compare selves and encourage others to self objectify

Question 8

Sexualisation in consumer culture

Answer 8

Baudrillard 1998 believes satisfaction orientated consumption is a recent personality trait based on pleasure, sexual need so consumer culture is based on this
Ads motivate women to buy more but make them feel worse bell 2011

Question 9

Media consumption and objectification

Answer 9

FB and magazines correlated with self objectification fardouley 2015, reason for more plastic surgery. Objectifying media results in body surveillance vandenbosch 2012, gap between ideal and real closed by sexualisation.

Question 10

Measures of objectification

Answer 10

Body surveillance, body shake, self esteem, self sexualisation behaviour, buying, media consumption. Body shame and surveillance correlated also predicts buying

Question 11

Function of self esteem

Answer 11

Do we meet expectations of society. Relative driving capabilities delhomme 91: most people say they are better than average, few equal and some worse but should be half and half- could reduce fear of crash? Above average effect o neill 2005- think of self in overly positive way . Ppl are motivated to have + self image, evolutionary to think of ourselves as worthwhile

Question 12

How to improve self esteem

Answer 12

Change by doing esteemable acts, service of others or for yourself
Therapy if its too low

Question 13

Existentialsim

Answer 13

Gaining self awareness is also awareness of death
Soren kierkegaard
Absurdism is the meaninglessness of life

Question 14

Terror management theory

Answer 14

Self esteem buffers threat of death. Fear motivates religion and leaving a legacy. Dual component: Greenberg 86- part of self esteem and cultural worldview. Norenzayn 2006: belief in god and religion increased when asked to write about what happens when you die

Question 15

Dysfunctional selves

Answer 15

Split brain ps recognised self more in left hemi and quicker , right hemi for other people. NPD- inflated value of selves. Bushman and baumeister 1998: narcissism measures, essay on abortion, randomly assigned good or bad feedback, more aggression (loud sound to opponent) for negative in narcissists and more in praise condition than control

Question 16

Depression

Answer 16

Overlap between depression and self esteem. Vulnerability hyp: low levels of self esteem risk factor. Scar hyp: depression risk for low self esteem. Default mode network does rumination and consciousness. Central network regulates emotions and actions in line with goals and externally orientated. Salience network receives stim and toggles between 2- depression is overactive DMN, under active CEN

Question 17

Lose self in a good way

Answer 17

Can be bad e.g. joining cult, mental health issues
Can be good via using drugs, meditation and yoga, running, working on a project
Routes to losing ego, can let go of expectations placed on us and can rebuild how we think of ourselves

Question 18

Drugs

Answer 18

Kirsch 2008: current approach for depression not that good l nutt: drugs cause addiction but gov classification of drugs wrong as most harmful is alcohol- although used more. Mdma: treatments to process trauma and reduce amygdala so don’t relive. Wagner: mdma have lower ptsd as increased openness. Mitchell 2021: mdma assisted therapy for trauma and depression helps. Psilocybin has good visual effects and appreaction of music and surroundings. Lebedev: ego dissolving in mri, more connected, reduced salience and hemi connection. Erritzeo: drugs help treatment resistant depression, more extroverted

Question 19

Being sober, mediation, yoga and keeping mind occupied

Answer 19

Being sober can lead to insights about yourself, family, what sort of person you want to be. Meditation Bringing attention to the present, aware of chatter int he mind
Meta analysis of apps showed some effects for well being, depression and anxiety. Yoga: Meditation and doing exercise, attention to present, found small effect for mental health problems. Motorbike maintanence: Pirsig: find zen in everyday life, easy at home

Question 20

Psychology of flow

Answer 20

Most happy when not self conscious- challenges idea self is most important . Diff between eastern meditation and western flow (being active) also hedonsim and flow (pausing bs self development), best moments when stretched to limits but have to match skill not to hard or easy. Need conc, goals, feedback, ease, challenge, intrinsic reward, mastery. Endurance exercise can be transformative

Question 21

Self affirmation and verification

Answer 21

People strive for truth and try to confirm what they already believe. Self affirmation theory cohen 2006- affirm + aspects by boasting or rationalisation, stronger when self esteem had been damaged. Greater reflection on peripheral traits, drive to know more about self. Verification: self reflection on central as confirm what already know

Question 22

Diffs in culture

Answer 22

Japanese stress community and self criticism but western use overt self enhancement. Esteem depends on identity like obese or an athlete. Stigmatised groups avoid self esteem consequences ceocker 89. Non whites show out group preferences, used to wish they were white but join in group or id with their characteristics. Low esteem due to industry as stressful and alienating . Self esteem used to overcome uncertainty and reduce social anxiety

Question 23

Diff opinions on psilocybin

Answer 23

Could be treatment for depression and with therapy could be an early intervention but needs more trials and could be dangerous

Question 24

S and W of psilocybin

Answer 24

clinical trials with double blind and random, has had positive effects for depression in cancer patients, used in addition to therapy
Weaknesses: not blind as can tell when under influence, small samples, depression measures are subjective,
Given large doses as more cost effective