Sally- Social Relationships

Question 1

Groups definition- who by and what

Answer 1

Hogg and Vaughan- two or more ppl who share a common definition and evaluation of themselves and behave in accordance with such a definition

Question 2

Groups definition by Johnson and Johnson 1987

Answer 2

collection of indivs interacting, social unit of 2+ who perceive as belonging to a group, collect. Indiv who join together to ach. A goal, collect. Indiv whose interactions are structured by a set of roles and norms, collect. Ind. who influence each other

Question 3

What’s the word for groups within other groups and what are the two ways roles can be defined

Answer 3

Nested. Defined by length of time (newcomer) and level of commitment (peripheral vs prototype)

Question 4

What did Norman Triplett find and key term

Answer 4

ppl racing or cycling in a group vs against the clock found faster when in groups against each other. Social facilitation triplett- competition machine two fishing reels connected to same wire- how fast children were alone vs with another. With others: 20 were better but 10 were worse (said over stim.), 10 no change

Question 5

Who said drive theory and define

Answer 5

Zajonc: when someone does a task, the effect of an audience increases arousal level which then increases dominant responses. If simple task, dominant response is correct (as have enough skill) but if difficult, performance is impaired

Question 6

Social facilitation

Answer 6

Better performance with others with an easy task but worse when you find things hard

Question 7

Virtual facilitation - park and catrambone

Answer 7

Ps did easy and diff tasks under alone, virtual human or human. Easy tasks were completed quicker and quickest in the presence of a human. Hard took longer and took the longest with human, then virtual then alone. Shows virtual human has same impact- improve efficiency for skilled workers

Question 8

Examples of social facilitation studies

Answer 8

people eat in more in groups (herman 2015), competitive ppl do better in sport W others (snyder 2012), baggage xray handlers do easy tasks quicker w others but complex ones slower (yu & wu 2015)

Question 9

Critique of triplett

Answer 9

Strobe 2015- did stat test on triplett raw score and found a v small effect + bond and titus (1983) meta analysis and social facilitation explained 0.3-3% of variation in behaviour BUT tripletts work did give a foundation, influential in sport psych, also led to research in social loafing

Question 10

Social loafing definition

Answer 10

when people work less hard on a task as they believe others are

Question 11

Ringelman effect

Answer 11

rope pulling W 1,2,3 or 8. Force per person decreased with group size. Person alone gave estimated values for group but actual performance was less. W: Could be due to lack of coordination not effort

Question 12

Ingham 1947- social loafing

Answer 12

compared real groups to pseudo groups (no coordination issues in pseudo groups as just made noises no effort, so must be due to lack of effort) both declined initially but pseudo did better : so there must be some motivation loss as well

Question 13

Affecting factors of social loafing

Answer 13

evaluation potential (if indv performance is assessed), task valence (is the task meaningful to u ), group valence (is the group important to u), expectation of coworkers efforts, uniqueness of indv inputs (how your bit is distinguishable), gender (males more loafing, want distinguishable, f care more about relationships ), group size (bigger more loafing), culture (western more loafing than collectivist)

Question 14

Belonging baumeister and Leary 1995

Answer 14

belonging is a fundamental human need, ppl seek out and form positive relationships with others and seek to maintain these, Need to have bonds with caring and concern. Evolutionary: benefits like protection, reproduction and sharing resources

Question 15

Effects of belonging and not belonging

Answer 15

affect how we think in group bias, increased engagement with school oyserman, brisman, feelings of contentment. No belonging: behaviour problems, mental illness (anxiety, depression)
Online: fomo can lead to increased use of internet

Question 16

Roberts and David 2020- fomo

Answer 16

tests whether fomo led to more social media use and increased social connection. Model: fomo-social media intensity-social connection. 170 ps 50/50 mf questionnaire with measures of fomo, social media intensity and social connection with likert scales. - high fomo had low social connection correlation. + with fomo and social media +social media and social connection. Overall + effect of fomo on social media use and therefore connection

Question 17

Ostracism definition

Answer 17

any behaviour where you are excluded or ignored by indv/group
In birds, bees and In primates can lead to starvation and death

Question 18

Williams 2007 and cyber ball experiment

Answer 18

exclusion undermines 4 fund. Needs: for belonging, need for control, for self esteem, for a meaningful existence. So it is useful to have an early warning system that detects ostracism. told you and two other ps playing an online game throwing a ball to each other but actually no other ps and they are left out (others don’t throw ball to them): ostracised reported lower mood, sense of belonging, self esteem, life less meaningful and are more likely to conform. Effects found when ps believe their exclusion was due to tech fault and when there’s no real ppl

Question 19

Effects of ostracism Zardo 2006

Answer 19

all ps were affected immediately after playing cyber ball but 45 mins later, ps in low SA had recovered but high SA still felt rejected.

Question 20

Williams and sommer 1997 social loafing and compensation

Answer 20

3 groups: ostracism, 1/3 left out, inclusions (all 3 played), neutral (no game). Told to think of uses for an object but coactive measured performance and collective group performance. If higher on collective: social compensation but if coactive- social loafing . Found for girls, being ostracised led to compensation but no loading and males had no sig diff but some loafing

Question 21

Nikolas costrell- evaluation apprehension model

Answer 21

Social rewards and punishments are based on others evaluations. Social presence produces arousal (no facilitation on well learnt tasks when blindfolded) but watched did

Question 22

Markus- evaluation apprehension

Answer 22

Male ps undress and dress in unfamiliar clothing under alone, incidental and attentive audience. Supports as only attentive audience decreased time but on more diff task, slowed (drive theory)

Question 23

Bernard guerin and mike- social facilitation

Answer 23

only occur when ppl are unable to monitor the audience and are uncertain about the audiences reactions, found social facilitation effects of a letter copying task only among p being watched who they couldn’t see

Question 24

Distraction conflict theory

Answer 24

Sanders: ppl are a source of distraction which produces cognitive conflict between attending the task and attending the audience, distractions alone impairs performance, cofluct produces dominant responses as drive overcomes distraction. Baron and Moore: ps doing a task next to someone made more mistakes. Groff B&M: ps squeezed ball more when scrutinised

Question 25

Definitions of norms: sumner and sherif also how to detect norms- Garfinkle

Answer 25

folkways- habitual customs displayed by a group because they has been adaptive in meeting basic needs
sherif : customs, traditions, standards, rules, values, fashions and all the criteria of construct which are standardised as a consequence of the contact of individuals
Gar- violate norms to attract attention

Question 26

Changing norms- Theodore 1965 and seigal and sherif

Answer 26

Conservative students at liberal uni started conservative but changed later. Seigal : students in dorms were more liberal, sorties more conservative . Sherif: when ppl make judgments alone diff to group as used group range to get mean

Question 27

Relative deprivation Davies 1969/ j curve hyp

Answer 27

Difference between what ought to be and what is- attainment diff to expectations. Expectation goes up but reality doesn’t and the gap is RD

Question 28

Types of relative deprivation

Answer 28

Egoistic: personally feel deprived in relation to others who are similar to us, also seen in animals: if give both monkeys cucumber they will do a task but if give one grapes (better) and the other cucumber the cucumber one gets angry and fraternalistic: group deprived in relation to others. Only try to change if: id strongly W group, action would bring about change. Procedural injustice?

Question 29

Relative gratification/ v curve hyp- goffman and muller 1973

Answer 29

Dv: potential for political violence and iv was levels of gratification(best situ now and 5 years time). When ppl think will be worse or better have highest political violence but low if no change as more to loose /not enough

Question 30

Support for v curve hyp/relative gratification - switz and jetten 2015

Answer 30

Switzerland- ppl said no to immigration had high or low unemployment and jetten: virtual game W diff incomes and attitudes to immigrant were worse by poor and wealthy

Question 31

Conflict over resources- sherif camp study

Answer 31

White middle class boys divided into eagles and rattlers (group formation) then did inter group competition (fighting, messing rooms, Anne calling) then inter group cooperation due to superordinate goals like rescue camp truck good 4 everyone

Question 32

Realistic group conflict theory

Answer 32

Sherif- due to real resources, regardless of personality, inter group identity, reduced by working on shared goals, evidence that knowledge of other groups started negative reactions

Question 33

Minimal conditions to show group favouritism

Answer 33

Ps questionnaire about artists Klee and Kandinsky and put into groups. Did matrices where decide how many points give to own and other group, didn’t see anyone else and point meant cash for the other person . Favoured members of in group

Question 34

Social identity theory

Answer 34

How to act due to group norms. social categorisation (us and them), identification (we), social comparison (compare group to others), positive differentiation ( emphasise + aspects of the group and - aspects of outgroup) Due to: self enhancement, + distinctness, increase self esteem and uncertainty reduction

Question 35

Actions towards social belief structures affected by

Answer 35

Legitimacy of status, permeability of boundaries between groups, whether alternative to the status quo is achievable

Question 36

If group self esteem is low: actions can be. Also supported by

Answer 36

individual mobility (leave group), social creativity (focus on +, compare to worse groups), social competition (change status of the group) . Social creativity when can’t/don’t want to leave as can’t change things and competition is when you can English change football managers . Online white supremacy use social competition as want violence and use creativity to increase commitment

Question 37

Realistic conflict theory

Answer 37

the relationship between ppls goals, their behaviour and their relations. John neumann game theory is when in conflict over non trivial outcome

Question 38

Examples of Social dilemmas- prisoners dilemma, truckers

Answer 38

Both offered chance to confess but if take it, the other gets a worse sentence if both, moderate and neither- light sentence (lack of trust makes both confess). Two truckers have a shared faster route W one lane, should take turns but no trust so collide in middle

Question 39

Commons dilemma /public goods dilemma

Answer 39

Common pasture villagers shared, if moderation, replenishes self but if multiple overuse then land is ruined - linked to fish farming. Public goods available to all but don’t contribute to maintaining (free rider effect)

Question 40

Resolving social dilemmas

Answer 40

Because selfish behaviour prevails, need structural solutions like limiting access, amount of resource, outsource to a leader but need authority or make people identify W a group that accesses resources

Question 41

Social identity and self categorisation theory

Answer 41

Society structures into diff groups and categories provide id, describe how to behave l self categorisation theory (ppl present groups as prototypes to distinguish)

Question 42

Entitalitivity and context effecting prototypes

Answer 42

The property of a group that makes it distinct. Hopkins: Scots saw themselves as more distinct to English but less so when compared to Germans

Question 43

Iterative reprocessing model- Cunningham

Answer 43

Identity defining attributes stored in memory are activated and changed by context. Categorising leads to depersonalisation as view in group s

Question 44

Psychological salience

Answer 44

Social categories are accessible to us, accessible in the situation, account for similarities and diffs and why ppl behave the way they do