Sally- Social Relationships Flashcards
Groups definition- who by and what
Hogg and Vaughan- two or more ppl who share a common definition and evaluation of themselves and behave in accordance with such a definition
Groups definition by Johnson and Johnson 1987
collection of indivs interacting, social unit of 2+ who perceive as belonging to a group, collect. Indiv who join together to ach. A goal, collect. Indiv whose interactions are structured by a set of roles and norms, collect. Ind. who influence each other
What’s the word for groups within other groups and what are the two ways roles can be defined
Nested. Defined by length of time (newcomer) and level of commitment (peripheral vs prototype)
What did Norman Triplett find and key term
ppl racing or cycling in a group vs against the clock found faster when in groups against each other. Social facilitation triplett- competition machine two fishing reels connected to same wire- how fast children were alone vs with another. With others: 20 were better but 10 were worse (said over stim.), 10 no change
Who said drive theory and define
Zajonc: when someone does a task, the effect of an audience increases arousal level which then increases dominant responses. If simple task, dominant response is correct (as have enough skill) but if difficult, performance is impaired
Social facilitation
Better performance with others with an easy task but worse when you find things hard
Virtual facilitation - park and catrambone
Ps did easy and diff tasks under alone, virtual human or human. Easy tasks were completed quicker and quickest in the presence of a human. Hard took longer and took the longest with human, then virtual then alone. Shows virtual human has same impact- improve efficiency for skilled workers
Examples of social facilitation studies
people eat in more in groups (herman 2015), competitive ppl do better in sport W others (snyder 2012), baggage xray handlers do easy tasks quicker w others but complex ones slower (yu & wu 2015)
Critique of triplett
Strobe 2015- did stat test on triplett raw score and found a v small effect + bond and titus (1983) meta analysis and social facilitation explained 0.3-3% of variation in behaviour BUT tripletts work did give a foundation, influential in sport psych, also led to research in social loafing
Social loafing definition
when people work less hard on a task as they believe others are
Ringelman effect
rope pulling W 1,2,3 or 8. Force per person decreased with group size. Person alone gave estimated values for group but actual performance was less. W: Could be due to lack of coordination not effort
Ingham 1947- social loafing
compared real groups to pseudo groups (no coordination issues in pseudo groups as just made noises no effort, so must be due to lack of effort) both declined initially but pseudo did better : so there must be some motivation loss as well
Affecting factors of social loafing
evaluation potential (if indv performance is assessed), task valence (is the task meaningful to u ), group valence (is the group important to u), expectation of coworkers efforts, uniqueness of indv inputs (how your bit is distinguishable), gender (males more loafing, want distinguishable, f care more about relationships ), group size (bigger more loafing), culture (western more loafing than collectivist)
Belonging baumeister and Leary 1995
belonging is a fundamental human need, ppl seek out and form positive relationships with others and seek to maintain these, Need to have bonds with caring and concern. Evolutionary: benefits like protection, reproduction and sharing resources
Effects of belonging and not belonging
affect how we think in group bias, increased engagement with school oyserman, brisman, feelings of contentment. No belonging: behaviour problems, mental illness (anxiety, depression)
Online: fomo can lead to increased use of internet
Roberts and David 2020- fomo
tests whether fomo led to more social media use and increased social connection. Model: fomo-social media intensity-social connection. 170 ps 50/50 mf questionnaire with measures of fomo, social media intensity and social connection with likert scales. - high fomo had low social connection correlation. + with fomo and social media +social media and social connection. Overall + effect of fomo on social media use and therefore connection
Ostracism definition
any behaviour where you are excluded or ignored by indv/group
In birds, bees and In primates can lead to starvation and death
Williams 2007 and cyber ball experiment
exclusion undermines 4 fund. Needs: for belonging, need for control, for self esteem, for a meaningful existence. So it is useful to have an early warning system that detects ostracism. told you and two other ps playing an online game throwing a ball to each other but actually no other ps and they are left out (others don’t throw ball to them): ostracised reported lower mood, sense of belonging, self esteem, life less meaningful and are more likely to conform. Effects found when ps believe their exclusion was due to tech fault and when there’s no real ppl
Effects of ostracism Zardo 2006
all ps were affected immediately after playing cyber ball but 45 mins later, ps in low SA had recovered but high SA still felt rejected.
Williams and sommer 1997 social loafing and compensation
3 groups: ostracism, 1/3 left out, inclusions (all 3 played), neutral (no game). Told to think of uses for an object but coactive measured performance and collective group performance. If higher on collective: social compensation but if coactive- social loafing . Found for girls, being ostracised led to compensation but no loading and males had no sig diff but some loafing
Nikolas costrell- evaluation apprehension model
Social rewards and punishments are based on others evaluations. Social presence produces arousal (no facilitation on well learnt tasks when blindfolded) but watched did
Markus- evaluation apprehension
Male ps undress and dress in unfamiliar clothing under alone, incidental and attentive audience. Supports as only attentive audience decreased time but on more diff task, slowed (drive theory)
Bernard guerin and mike- social facilitation
only occur when ppl are unable to monitor the audience and are uncertain about the audiences reactions, found social facilitation effects of a letter copying task only among p being watched who they couldn’t see
Distraction conflict theory
Sanders: ppl are a source of distraction which produces cognitive conflict between attending the task and attending the audience, distractions alone impairs performance, cofluct produces dominant responses as drive overcomes distraction. Baron and Moore: ps doing a task next to someone made more mistakes. Groff B&M: ps squeezed ball more when scrutinised
