Thomas- Self And Others 1

Question 1

History of the self, secularisation, enlightenment and industrialisation

Answer 1

1500+ secularisation: self used to be tied to religion, Protestantism as catholics ‘bought tickets to heaven’, printing press allowed audience to change. 1600-1850 enlightenment: scientific understanding, democracy, revolution. 1760-1840: industrialisation: self reliance, concept of self, increase standards of living but alienation. 1856-1939: psychoanalysis p

Question 2

Mary Wollstonecraft

Answer 2

A vindication of the rights of women 1792, advocates for proper education for women, challenged gender roles, critical of aristocracy and monarchy

Question 3

Darwin, origin of species

Answer 3

1859- Evolution, natural variation/selection
Humans are just animals and share common ancestors with animals
Challenged religion - evolution took millions of years

Question 4

Freud

Answer 4

The psychodynamic perspective, the future of an illusion (1927)
Id, ego and superego (primal, mediator and moral) id presented in the unconscious
Psychosexual stages . Self can be individual or collective/we and us

Question 5

Jung

Answer 5

Persona is a mask to give better impression to tethers, shadow self are hidden parts. Ego tricks you into thinking persona is who you are. Concept of introverts and extroverts no one is completely one or other. Teenage years about who we area, fit into society, cohesive sense of self (shadow, real and persona)

Question 6

Charles bukowski and Dan dennett

Answer 6

Bukowski: I would like to be alone more than I am, more himself when he is alone. Dinner: 1942- the self is an illusion

Question 7

Phylogenetics - development of the self

Answer 7

Animals don’t recognise themselves in mirrors. Gordon Gallup the mirror dot test, children and chimpanzees pass but smaller monkeys don’t. Evidence of common ancestors. Also horses, dolphins and elephants

Question 8

Ontogenetic - development of self

Answer 8

Individual development, rochat 2003: babies respond to others touching their face quicker than themselves (differentiate), at 2 months, reach out to objects (situational), id at 3 years mirror dot, permanence, recognise self in videos. 4-5: self consciousness and third person

Question 9

Ikigai

Answer 9

A japanese version of self actualisation
Need multiple aspects together e.g. the world news, what you can be paid for,

Question 10

Culture and the self

Answer 10

Markus and kityama 1991: societal factors (historical, economical, morals), institutions and products (language, education, politics, media, legal), daily norms (home, school, work), self (perception, cognition, emotion, motivation, action) indi vs collect cultures (independent vs interdependent). Markus 2006- language diffs in Olympic winners us vs Japan. Kitayama 2022: easily have more farming, low expression, more humble. Arab are nomadic and assertive, Latin are expressive

Question 11

Finding the self in the brain

Answer 11

Kelley 2002: self, other and case in mri found activation for self in media pfc. Meta analysis of self reference hu 2016: medial pfc activated in default mode network but raichle 2015- don’t know what self is made up of

Question 12

Social media and drugs effect on the self

Answer 12

SM: Fb use predicts declines in affect and life satisfaction over time- kross et al 2013
. Drugs: Psychedelics can produce feelings of connectiveness

Question 13

Collective self

Answer 13

Wundt: collective events like language and religion can’t be understood in terms of individual. The self draws from groups and ppl interact across a group mind . Asch com for toy to norms

Question 14

Symbolic interactions it self

Answer 14

Self shaped by social interaction. James 1890: diff between I conscious and me object of perception. Greenwald 19: pole unknowingly reconstruct themselves. Mead interaction is symbolic as use non verbal cues . Shrauger ppl see themselves how others see them . Tice descriptions of self diff when believe in public . Self enhancing triad: overestimate good their control and optimistic

Question 15

Self awareness

Answer 15

Shelley duval 72: self awareness is where you think of yourself as an object. Carver: private and public self

Question 16

Self knowledge via schemas

Answer 16

Self schemas are thought patterns about ourselves and who we are
Lots of diff schemas, vary across time and context, markus 1997
Contribute to our overall self concept which is complex and dynamic ‘’

Question 17

Symbolic interactionism

Answer 17

Self concept is changed by interactions with society via language and gesture
Looking glass self, mead 1934
See ourselves as others think of us
Critique is assumes ppl have no agency to change their own self concept

Question 18

Social comparison

Answer 18

Festinger 1954: we learn about who we are by competing w other ppl (attitudes, skills)
Downward social comparisons to make yourself feel better
Upward social comparison to motivate yourself but can hurt self esteem - storr

Question 19

Self perception theory / self consciousness

Answer 19

Gain knowledge of ourselves by observing our own behaviour e.g. good student as study regularly - berm 1972. Can work if you imagine yourself in a certain way. Anything that turns attention to yourself like mirror duval 72, when self aware make comparisons about who you want to be

Question 20

Self discrepancy theory

Answer 20

Actual, ideal (ego and actualisation) and ought self (superego and conscience). Higgins 87: want to reduce diff between ideal, ought and actual. Hard to find out who you are and it’s uncomfortable to realise. L can lead to rejection and low self esteem but self regulation

Question 21

Regulatory focus theory

Answer 21

Two systems for regulating behaviour
Promoting success (ideal) higgins 1997 or preventing failure (ought)

Question 22

Self control- temporal discounting

Answer 22

Pesters and buchels 2011: desire for reward higher for impulsive individuals but others have desire for longer. Self control brings behaviour closer to standard and long term goals baumeister. Self control is limited- mishcel marshmallow study

Question 23

Self control as a muscle

Answer 23

Baumeister: self control a central function and key to success, causes short term impairments like ego depletion in self control tasks- e.g. ps told to eat radishes not cake then a difficult task and did worse On it

Question 24

Attentional bias to self

Answer 24

Tacikowski 2010: ps id quickest for self over famous or unknown. De caso 2017: ps asked if each word applied to self, friend of David Cameron then memory test if word had already been seen, remembering words related to self better. Cocktail party effect (in dichroic listening task those who heard their name is worse on task)

Question 25

Correspondence bias / fundamental attribution error

Answer 25

More info about self whihc we project onto others- draw ideas about another’s personality from behaviour that could be explained by context gilbert 95. E.g. homeless and addicts due to lack of areness, unrealistic expectations like could never be me, inflated categorisation and don’t update their beliefs. Choi and nisbett 98: told to write an essay for or against death penalty: Koreans with more info had less correspondence bias but us no change

Question 26

Spending time alone effect on the self

Answer 26

who we are depends on interactions with others, if you take that away, who are you
Loneliness is undesired but solitude and be a tool to learn about yourself larson 1990

Question 27

Examples of ego depletion

Answer 27

Tice 1998: watching evocative film white stifling an emotional response cause worse performance on test of stamina. Suppressing thought meant couldn’t stop laughter afterwards. Gaillot 2007: acts of self control cause BGC to drop , drinking lemonade counteracts exertion, only real G

Question 28

Elaborating strength model

Answer 28

Regular exertion of self control can improve willpower-baumeister. Efforts to cool behaviour in one area, improves other areas. When expect exertion later on, curtail performance muraven 2006. But can do self control if stakes are high. Humour also counteracts ego depletion. Same energy used for decision making vohs 2007, white ppl need control talking about black ppl, did worse on later task