Gavin MHI 1 Continued

Question 1

Dsm 5 addictive behaviours

Answer 1

Have substance related and non substance is only gambling. No social networking: kuss Facebook addiction W neglect of personal life, mental preoccupation, concealing, linked to high anxiety and depression due to highlight reel, social currency, economy of attention, fomo (ppl would get rid but fomo)

Question 2

Social networking and reward faerie, meshi

Answer 2

Faerie 2012 ps in mri win rewards in a card game, played w a computer, unknown person or friend- same rewards were rated as most exciting when won w a friend, activity in the ventral striatum /VS was most activated when winning rewards w a friend
Meshi 2013: nucleus accumbens of ps responded more when received likes rather than seeing others receiving likes-heaviest FB users showed largest response

Question 3

Pathway of dopamine

Answer 3

Start in the ventral tegmental area, travel to nucleus accumbens and the medial prefrontal cortex

Question 4

Homeostasis of brain in addiction

Answer 4

Montag 2017: the more time spent on facebook, the less grey matter vol in the nucleus accumbens
Kim: found decrease in dopamine d2 receptor availability in internet addicts in the nucleus accumbens

Question 5

Internet gaming addiction: ko, dong, yuan, tian

Answer 5

Ko 2009: images from WoW activated media, frontal cortex and nucleus accumbens . Don’t 2017: LoL addicts self reported levels of craving before and after playing with more pf activity. Tuan 2011: addicts had less grey matter vol linked to length of time addicted. Tian: reduced d2 striata receptors in nucleus accumbens in LoL addicts. Dong: guessing task in mri, addicts had enhanced frontal activity in gains and reduced anterior cingulate during losses

Question 6

Treatment for game addicts

Answer 6

Hand 2010: starcraft addicts showed higher brain activity in dorsolateral pfc with game cues. After 6 wks of bupropion (stops smoking), there was decreased craving for game play, reduced response in brain to game and time spent playing reduced by ⅓

Question 7

Biology of gambling addicts - potenza, crockford, joutsa

Answer 7

Potenza 2003: gamblers had normal response to happy or sad videos but increased to gambling vids in nucleus accumbens. Crocford 2005: showed nature scenes or gambling, gamblers had higher levels of craving and more frontal cortex activity. Joutsa 2021: increase in accumbens dopamine release in gamblers on gambling task and correlation between severity and dopamine release size

Question 8

Shopping addiction raab 2011

Answer 8

Shopping addicts showed product pics and decided if they wanted it with diff prices shown. Greater accumbens response in initial presentation for items they later bought (arousal and purchasing prob)

Question 9

History of social networking and problems

Answer 9

Began with 6 degrees of separation, fb created in 2004, Turkle says led to us being alone together , social networking is eclectic but fb is egocentric , no mobile phone phobia , girls don’t role play games and use more forums, boys want narcissistic gratification via games . Teen girls have high addictions and MHI , males more addicted to fb

Question 10

Dopamine release linked to gambling juho joutsa

Answer 10

Striata dopamine released in both groups during high and low reward tasks, low released in caudate nucleus but high in ventral striatum . No diff in size of release but in gamblers, release correlated w symptom severity

Question 11

Drug addiction dsm

Answer 11

Alcohol use Problematic pattern of alcohol use leading to clinically sig impairment: desire to cut down, time spent to obtain alcohol, failure to fulfil obligations, higher tolerance and withdrawal symptoms

Question 12

History of drug addiction

Answer 12

The scythians: herodotus describes funeral rites (inhale vapour from hemp seeds). Belsinki (gold ware with opium and cannabis residue), Aurelius took theriac (mithridatum) and took more to combat winter but was drowsy, couldn’t sleep and had fry humour (opium withdrawals)

Question 13

Biology of addiction/ electrical stim theory

Answer 13

Dopamine released from ventral tegmental, nucleus accumbens then to me so accumbens dopamine projection and medial pfc. Old and Milner 1945: electrical stim to brains of animals when entered a corner, returned quickly. Electrode mispltionsd in hypothalamus (in pathway). Rats did intra cranial self stimulation hundreds of times over 24 hours . Bishop 1963 did same in humans- ignored food. Stim helped depressed ppl and bossong found cannabis related dopamine

Question 14

Electrical stimulation and cravings

Answer 14

Kalivas and volkow 2007: dopaminergic activation in striatum correlates with self reported high from methylphenidate
Breiter 1997: coke activates nucleus accumbens and also activated when ps are craving coke the most

Question 15

Dopamine in drug addicts- Daley and weirs 2017

Answer 15

Dalley 2011 pet scans showed reduced dopamine receptors in striatum of coke addicts, also seen in rhesus monkeys after 3 months of coke and rats after amphetamine use (homeostasis)
Weirs 2017: in smokers, there was a reduced number of dopamine receptors and found less dopamine release during methylphenidate induction

Question 16

Grey matter and addiction - franklin and Thompson

Answer 16

Franklin 2002: reduced frontal grey matter in crack cocaine addicts compared to controls, addicts for avg of 13 years
Thompson 2004: meth addicts showed reduced grey matter vol across cingulate gyrus, subgenual cortex

Question 17

Conditioning and addiction

Answer 17

Pavlovian: condition behaviour with neutral stimulus until just stim needed. Mesoaccumbens dopamine projection modulated conditioned stim. Volkow 2006: coke addicts shown vids of ppl taking coke, dopamine response and craving. Robinson and berridge: drugs activate accumbens, causing drug associated stim to acquire fun (circle), re exposure later activated memories of craving- relapse

Question 18

Treatments of substance addiction

Answer 18

Nic: patches, gum help withdrawal and craving. Opiates: methodone a mild version helps withdrawal and craving . Antabuse for alcohol makes you feel sake if take alcohol. Martell: coke vaccine so broken down quickly, reduction in relapse. Extinction therapy: presentations of just stim will stop conditions response. Xue 2021- for heroin, cue exposure and extinction therapy helped

Question 19

History of NPD

Answer 19

Ancient Greek mythology, narcissus was a proud handsome man and couldn’t stop gazing at own reflection and died. Rank 1911: being in love with oneself, Freud 1914: developmental issue, self love fails to be directed outwards,

Question 20

Dsm NPD

Answer 20

Grandiose sens of self importance, excessive need for admiration, lack of empathy (needs of others are viewed as a weakness and show emotional coolness)

Question 21

Studies with symptoms of NPP

Answer 21

Singh 2018: NPP traits correspond with social networking behaviours, especially grandiosity, Watson 2002: depression measures correlate W severity of NPP. Schulz: NPD had smaller regions associated with empathy like medial pfc and anterior insular. Cooper 2012: more narcissistic, less aware of their narcissism

Question 22

Antisocial personality disorder dsm

Answer 22

Lack empathy and tend to be callous, cynically and ignorant of feelings of others

Question 23

Antisocial disorder and depression

Answer 23

Willemsen 2011: psychopathy ratings - correlated with depression.

Question 24

NPD treatment

Answer 24

DiMaggio 2014: case study of successful treatment but king 2020 said evidence based treatment is limited, no randomised control trials

Question 25

Types of cannabis and prevalence

Answer 25

Cannabis sativa are the dried leafs, hashish is stronger and from the resin. Synthetic is chemicals sprayed onto plants - made illegal. Legal in 11 states, 8 is for medical use and decriminalised. Seen as gateway but most don’t go on to harder drugs , doesn’t cause but can precede as more socially acceltbake

Question 26

Psychological effects of weed and physical

Answer 26

Can be relaxed and sociable, can cause shofts in emotion, dull attention, worse memory, hallucinations, panic . Impairs cognitive functioning. Itchy eyes, dry mouth, bigger appetite, impair lungs, cannabenoid receptors CB1 AND CB2 found in hippocampus so can impair memory . Diff patterns of connectivity between amygdala and frontal cortex while regulating emotions zimmerman, can develop tolerance (depression, insomnia if stopped)

Question 27

Good uses of weed

Answer 27

Reduction of nausea and loss of appetite for chemo patients, chronic pain. Helps Tourette’s, SA

Question 28

Opioids

Answer 28

Include opium, morphine, herein and codeine. Painkillers are abused, increased over last 50 years , Herron used often after prescription painkillers , more women prescribed but more men abuse. Abuse higher among white Americans. Euphoria, drowsiness and lack of coordination , stim neural receptors in bodies opioid system . Tolerance and show withdrawal ‘dopesick’

Question 29

Stimulants

Answer 29

Act on brain and sympathetic nervous system increase alter ness and motor activity. Amphetamines and cocaine, coffee, methamphetamine. Cause release of norepinephrine and blocks reuotake of dopamine and develop tolerance quickly. More men abuse meth. Used and made in small towns as loss of industry - destroys dopamine and serotonin levels, reduced brain size on temporal and frontal cortex and hippocampus, lower activation in decision making regions. Coke is a vasoconstrictor - coke babies have smaller pfc

Question 30

Hallucinogens

Answer 30

LSD tolerance appears quick and no withdrawal- alter sense of time, mood swings can be anxious . EV stats and mdma - blocks reuta’ of serotonin but has neurotic effects . NOS- lagging gas