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Question 1

transposons

Answer 1

segments of DNA, 700 to 40,000 bp in length,
that transpose (move) themselves from one location in a DNA
molecule to another location in the same or a different molecule.

Question 2

transposition

Answer 2

The result of the action of a transposon is termed

transposition; in effect it is a kind of frameshift insertion . rare

Question 3

compelx transpososns

Answer 3

contain one or more genes not connected

with transposition, such as genes for antibiotic resistance

Question 4

IS

Answer 4

The simplest transposons, called insertion sequences (IS),
consist of no more than two inverted repeats and a gene that
encodes the enzyme transposase (Figure 7.38a). Transposase recognizes
its own inverted repeat in a target site, cuts the DNA at that site, and inserts the transposon (or a copy of it) into the
DNA molecule at that site

Question 5

hydrolase

Answer 5

catabolize molecules by adding water in a decomposition
process known as hydrolysis. Hydrolases are
used primarily in the depolymerization of macromolecules.

Question 6

isomerase

Answer 6

rearrange the atoms within a molecule but do
not add or remove anything (so they are neither catabolic
nor anabolic).

Question 7

ligase / polymearses

Answer 7

join two molecules together (and are

thus anabolic). They often use energy supplied by ATP

Question 8

lyase

Answer 8

split large molecules (and are thus catabolic) without

using water in the process.

Question 9

oxidoreductases

Answer 9

remove electrons from (oxidize) or add
electrons to (reduce) various substrates. They are used in
both catabolic and anabolic pathways

Question 10

transferase

Answer 10

transfer functional groups btwn molecules. can be anabolic

Question 11

apoenzymes

Answer 11

Many protein enzymes are complete in themselves, but others
are composed of both protein and nonprotein portions.
The proteins in these combinations are called apoenzymes

Question 12

cofactors

Answer 12

Apoenzymes are inactive if they are not bound
to one or more of the nonprotein substances called cofactors.
Cofactors are either inorganic ions (such as iron, magnesium,
zinc, or copper ions) or certain organic molecules called coenzymes
1ko@en´zıms). All coenzymes are either vitamins or contain
vitamins, which are organic molecules that are required for
metabolism but cannot be synthesized by certain organisms (especially
mammals).

Question 13

hologneyzme

Answer 13

The binding of an apoenzyme and its cofactor(s) forms an active
enzyme, called a holoenzyme

Question 14

ribozymes

Answer 14

Not all enzymes are proteinaceous; some are RNA molecules
called ribozymes. In eukaryotes, ribozymes process other
RNA molecules by removing sections of RNA and splicing the remaining
pieces together.

Question 15

allosteric

Answer 15

(a) Allosteric
(noncompetitive) inhibition results from a change in the shape of the
active site when an inhibitor binds to an allosteric site. (b) Allosteric
activation results when the binding of an activator molecule to an
allosteric site causes a change in the active site that makes it capable
of binding substrate.

Question 16

competitive inhibitors

Answer 16

Competitive inhibitors are shaped such that they fit into an
enzyme’s active site and thus prevent the normal substrate from
binding

Question 17

reversible competition can be overcome by

Answer 17

an increase in the
concentration of substrate molecules, increasing the likelihood
that active sites will be filled with substrate instead of inhibitor

Question 18

feedbak inhibition

Answer 18

The end-product of a metabolic
pathway allosterically inhibits the initial step, shutting down the
pathway

Question 19

fermentation

Answer 19

Utilizes glycolysis then converts pyruvic acid into another compound (organic waste products)

Question 20

glycolysis

Answer 20

Occurs in cytoplasm of most cells

Involves splitting of a six-carbon glucose into two three-carbon sugar molecules

Direct transfer of phosphate between two substrates occurs four times – substrate level phosphorylation

Net gain of two ATP molecules, two molecules of NADH, and precursor metabolite pyruvic acid

Question 21

glycolysis stages

Answer 21

involving 10 total steps

Energy-Investment Stage

Lysis Stage

Energy-Conserving Stage

Question 22

cellular repsiration

Answer 22

Resultant pyruvic acid completely oxidized to produce ATP by a series of redox reactions

Question 23

cell resp stages

Answer 23

Synthesis of acetyl-CoA

Krebs cycle

Final series of redox reactions
(electron transport chain)

Question 24

krebs cycle

Answer 24

Great amount of energy remains in bonds of acetyl-CoA

The Krebs cycle transfers much of this energy to coenzymes NAD+ and FAD

Occurs in cytoplasm of prokaryotes and in matrix of mitochondria in eukaryotes

Question 25

ETC where

Answer 25

Located in cristae of eukaryotes and in the cytoplasmic membrane of prokaryotes

Question 26

ETC

Answer 26

The most significant production of ATP occurs through stepwise release of energy from series of redox reactions known as an electron transport chain

consists of series of membrane-bound carrier molecules that pass electrons from one to another and ultimately to final electron acceptor

Energy from electrons used to pump protons (H+) across the membrane, establishing a proton gradient

Question 27

ubiquinones

Answer 27

lipid-soluble, nonprotein
carriers that are so named because they are ubiquitous in
cells. Ubiquinones are derived from vitamin K. In mitochondria,
the ubiquinone is called coenzyme Q.

Question 28

metal cotaining proteins

Answer 28

a mixed group of integral
proteins with a wide-ranging number of iron, sulfur, and
copper atoms that can alternate between the reduced and
oxidized states

Question 29

flavorproteins

Answer 29

Flavoproteins are integral membrane proteins, many of

which contain flavin, a coenzyme derived from riboflavin (vit b2)

Question 30

cycothcromes

Answer 30

integral proteins associated
with heme, which is the same iron-containing, nonprotein,
pigmented molecule found in the hemoglobin of blood.

Question 31

chemiosmosis

Answer 31

Chemiosmosis is a general term for the use of ion gradients
to generate ATP; that is, ATP is synthesized utilizing energy
released by the flow of ions down their electrochemical gradient
across a membrane.

Question 32

oxidativephos

Answer 32

Protons, propelled by proton motive force, flow down electrochemical gradient through ATP synthases (protein channels) that phosphorylate ADP to ATP

Called oxidative phosphorylation because proton gradient created by oxidation of components of ETC