protozoa2

Question 1

e histolytica

Answer 1

• amoebic dysyntery
• amoebas (sarcodina)
• Infection occurs when a human host ingests cysts,
  either through fecal–oral contact or, more typically, contaminated
  food or water.
• found in guts (intestines), can go to liver

Question 2

e histolytica trophozoites

Answer 2

• The trophozoites parasitize the mucosa and sub -
  mucosa of the colon, causing ulcerations. They feed
  on red blood cells and bacteria.
• endoplasm, food vacuole, karyosome, nucleus, RBC

Question 3

e histolytica cysts

Answer 3

• withstand stomach ph
• multiple nuclei (up to 4)
• free living
• chromatoid body

Question 4

b coli

Answer 4

• balantidiasis: large intestinal infection (it parasitizies the colon) - guts
• ciliates; ciliphora
• fecal-oral route. Humans can become infected by eating and drinking contaminated food and water that has come into contact with infective animal or human fecal matter.

Question 5

b coli trophozoites

Answer 5

The trophozoite is highly motile because of the cilia
and has a macronucleus and a micronucleus. (+mouth, gullet, food vacuole, contractile vacuole) Trophozoites may cause ulcerations of the colon mucosa,
but not to the extent produced by Entamoeba
histolytica.

Question 6

b coli cyst

Answer 6

Cysts
in sewage-contaminated water are the infective form.
- cilia, macronucleus, contractile vacuole

Question 7

trypanosoma cruzi

Answer 7

• chagas disease (american trypanosomiasis)
• euglenozoa; flagellates (mastigophora)
• The insect vectors are called triatomine (kissing) bugs. These blood-sucking bugs get infected by biting an infected animal or person. Once infected, the bugs pass T. cruzi parasites in their feces. After they bite and ingest blood, they defecate on the person. The person can become infected if T. cruzi parasites in the bug feces enter the body through mucous membranes or breaks in the skin.
• consumption of uncooked food contaminated w/ feces from infected bugs
• cardiac muscle

Question 8

trypanosoma gambiense

Answer 8

• euglenozoa; flagellates (mastigophora)
• sleeping sickness
• tsetse fly
• brain
• undulating membrane, flagellum

Question 9

trichomonas vaginalis

Answer 9

• flagellates
• std; trichomoniasis
• direct contact
• urinary tract
• It
  has four anterior flagella and an undulating membrane.
• The trophozoite
  is the only stage of the Trichomonas life cycle.

Question 10

p vivas

Answer 10

• apicomplexa
• malaria
• bite of mosquito
• the tissues are the liver and red blood cells

Question 11

g lamblia

Answer 11

• abdominal pain, diarrhea, small intestinal infection
• Transmission
  typically involves fecally contaminated water or food, but
  direct fecal–oral contact transmission is also possible.
• flagellate
• giardiasis; beaver fever

Question 12

toxoplasma gondii

Answer 12

• Infection usually occurs by eating undercooked contaminated meat, exposure from infected cat feces, or mother-to-child transmission during pregnancy. Toxoplasmosis may cause flu-like symptoms in some people, but most people affected never develop signs and symptoms. For infants born to infected mothers and for people with weakened immune systems, toxoplasmosis may cause serious complications.
• apicomplexa
• duodenum (1st part of small intestine) , blood, lymph nodes

Question 13

l donovani

Answer 13

• flagellates
• leishmaniasis
• The parasite migrates to the internal organs such as the liver, spleen (hence “visceral”), and bone marrow
• bites from female phlebotomine sandflies

Question 14

c parvum

Answer 14

• apicomplexa
• cryptosporidiosis (mammalian intestinal tract)
• Infection is caused by ingestion of sporulated oocysts transmitted by the faecal-oral route.
• small intestine, maybe respiratory tract

Question 15

g lamblia trophozoite

Answer 15

flagella, nucleus, parabasal body, axostyle, flagella

Question 16

g lamblia cyst

Answer 16

karyosome, nucleus, axostyle

Question 17

t gondii life cycle

Answer 17

1. oocyst in small intestine (in cat)
2. oocysts passed out in cat feces
3. 4 sporozoites form within each oocyst
4. ingested by intermediate hosts (cow, human)
5. sporozoites mature into trophozoites in blood and other tissues

Question 18

plasmodium life cycle

Answer 18

1. The sporozoite stage of the pathogen is introduced
   into a human host during mosq bite
2. Sporozoites then infect liver cells
   and produce the asexual merozoite stag
3. Merozoites are
   released from lysed liver cells, enter the blood, and infect
   RBCs. reinfection of liver occurs
4. Once in RBCs,
   merozoites enter a cyclic pattern of reproduction in
   which more merozoites are released from the red cells
   synchronously every 48 hours
   ___________
5. sexual phase of the life cycle begins when certain
   merozoites enter RBCs and differentiate into male
   or female gametocytes
6. The sexual phase of the life cycle
   continues when ingested by a female Anopheles mosquito
   during a blood meal. Fertilization occurs, and the
   zygote eventually develops into a cyst within the gut wall
   of the mosquito. After many divisions, the cyst releases
   sporozoites, some of which enter the mosquito’s salivary
   glands ready to be transmitted back to the human host

Question 19

c parvum life cycle

Answer 19

1. enter the environment through the feces of the infected host
2. Infection occurs when the oocysts are ingested by a suitable host (3). While in the intestines, the oocyst releases sporozoites which invade the epithelial linings of the intestines
3. Within these cells, the sporozoites undergo schizogony, or asexual reproduction. The sporozoites then enter a sexual reproductive stage. Female macrogamonts and male microgamonts develop, and fertilization occurs.
4. The resulting zygote can develop into: a) a thick-walled oocyst that will exit the host, or b) a thin-walled oocyst which will autoinfect the host.