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PS 260 > Third Test > Flashcards

Third Test Flashcards

1
Q

What is ethnic identity?

A

A set of values that bind people through a common culture

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2
Q

True or false: most countries are ethnically homogeneous

A

False

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3
Q

In Bosnia, what are the main ethnic groups?

A

Croats, Serbs, and Muslims

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4
Q

What divides Bosnia?

A

Religion; Croats are catholic, Serbs are Eastern orthodox, Muslims practice Islam

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5
Q

What are the two main religions in Germany?

A

Catholic and Protestant

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6
Q

What is the term for a set of institutions that bind people together through common political aspirations?

A

National Identity

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7
Q

What language is spoken in Quebec?

A

French

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8
Q

What is nationalism?

A

A pride in one’s people and the belief that they have their own sovereign political destiny

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9
Q

In some places, citizenship implies what two things?

A
  • duty to serve in military

- duty to pay taxes

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10
Q

Political attitudes involve what four categories?

A

Radical, Liberal, Conservative, Reactionary

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11
Q

Radicals believe what?

A

The current system is broken and must be completely thrown out in favor of a new order

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12
Q

Unlike radicals, liberals believe in what?

A

Evolutionary change

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13
Q

Conservatives question what?

A

Whether significant change in existing institutions is necessary or whether it is even good

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14
Q

Reactionaries seek to return to what?

A

An envisioned, past ideal that never really existed

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15
Q

What is the term for sets of political values held by individuals about the primary goals of politics?

A

Political ideologies

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16
Q

What ideology favors a limited state role in society and economic activity?

A

Liberalism

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17
Q

What ideology emphasizes limited personal freedom and a strong state in order to achieve social equality?

A

Communism

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18
Q

What ideology accepts a strong role for private ownership and market forces to maintain economic equality?

A

Social Democracy

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19
Q

What ideology is hostile to the idea of individual freedom and rejects the notion of equality?

A

Fascism

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20
Q

What ideology views the state as a threat to freedom and equality?

A

Anarchism

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21
Q

Anarchist ideas played a role when?

A

During the 1917 Russian revolution

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22
Q

Political economy is the study of what?

A
  • How politics and economics relate

- how economic institutions influence politics

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23
Q

What involves the interactions between the forces of supply and demand, along with how goods and services were exchanged?

A

Markets

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24
Q

Property refers to what?

A

the ownership of goods and services

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25
Q

What are public goods?

A

Goods provided by the state for all citizens

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26
Q

In the US, healthcare is not what?

A

A public good

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27
Q

In Canada, healthcare is a public good in the form of what?

A

Publicly owned hospitals and universal benefits

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28
Q

In Saudi Arabia and Iran, what is a public good?

A

Oil

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29
Q

The major source to pay for public expenditures is what?

A

Taxation

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30
Q

What does the central bank control?

A

The flow of money and interest rates

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31
Q

What is hyperinflation?

A

Inflation that is more than 50% a month for more than two months in a row

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32
Q

In 2008, which country faced an inflation rate between 100,000 and 1 million percent?

A

Zimbabwe

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33
Q

In most economies, markets are longer only what?

A

Local

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34
Q

What are tariffs?

A

Taxes on imported goods

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35
Q

What are quotas?

A

A limit on the quantity of goods coming into the country

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36
Q

What is the term for tools that may create health and other restrictions to make it difficult to sell foreign goods in certain places?

A

non tariff regulatory barriers

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37
Q

In Canada, what percent of all music must be of Canadian origin?

A

35%

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38
Q

In Canada, what percent of TV programs must be of Canadian origin?

A

60%

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39
Q

Liberalism places a strong emphasis on what economic philosophy?

A

Laissez-Faire

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40
Q

Social democracy wants to increase the availability of what?

A

Public Goods

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41
Q

What is the Communist belief about capitalism?

A

It cannot serve the needs of a society

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42
Q

The building of empires was an extension of what?

A

Mercantilism

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43
Q

What does mercantilism highlight?

A

The needs of the state by generating wealth to use for national power

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44
Q

What is an example of mercantilism?

A

The British colonies in North America

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45
Q

What is Gross Domestic Product?

A

Total market value of all goods and services produced in a country in a year

46
Q

What is the Purchasing Power Parity?

A

The estimate of the buying power of income in each country by comparing similar costs using US prices as a benchmark

47
Q

The approach used to measure the distribution of wealth and the amount of inequality in a society is called what?

A

The Gini Index

48
Q

A perfect score in the Gini ranking system is what?

A

Zero

49
Q

What countries have the lowest Gini scores?

A

Social Democratic Countries

50
Q

The Human Development Index was developed by who?

A

The UN Development Program

51
Q

HDI considers what?

A

adult literacy, life expectancy, educational enrollment, and GDP

52
Q

Nations with the highest levels of education and life expectancy also have the highest what?

A

National incomes

53
Q

The Greek word demos means what?

A

people

54
Q

The Greek word Kratia means what?

A

power

55
Q

The Roman empire laid out the concept of what?

A

Republicanism

56
Q

Roman Republicanism emphasizes what?

A
  • the separation of powers

- the representation of the public through elected officials

57
Q

The Greeks established the idea of what?

A

Popular Sovereignty

58
Q

Legislative bodies, like the senate, derive from where?

A

Rome

59
Q

Which King was forced to sign the Magna Carta?

A

King John

60
Q

The most prominent office in any country is the what?

A

Executive

61
Q

The role of the executive that symbolizes and represents the people nationally and internationally is called what?

A

Head of State

62
Q

The role of the executive to run the state and formulate and execute policy is called what?

A

Head of Government

63
Q

What is a country that combines the two roles of the executive?

A

USA

64
Q

What are the 2 forms of legislature?

A

Unicameral and Bicameral

65
Q

Until 1913, how were senators elected?

A

By state legislators

66
Q

Many liberal democracies have some form of what to ensure legislation is compatible with the constitution?

A

Constitutional Court

67
Q

Power of Constitutional Courts may be what?

A

Concrete, Abstract, or Both

68
Q

What is concrete review?

A

when the court decides whether an act is constitutional only when the issue has been raised by a court case

69
Q

What is abstract review?

A

when the court decides whether an act is constitutional without a court case or before the law has been exercised

70
Q

What are the two basic elements of parliamentary systems?

A
  • Prime minister

- legislature

71
Q

In parliamentary systems, prime ministers can be removed from office through what?

A

Vote of no confidence

72
Q

Usually, positions of head of state and head of government are combined in what?

A

A presidency

73
Q

What is a semi-presidential system?

A

A hybrid between parliamentary and presidential system

74
Q

In a semi-presidential system, power is divided between who?

A

The Prime Minister and President

75
Q

What is the best example of a semi-presidential system?

A

France

76
Q

Political parties are what?

A

organizations that bring together people into a single group that can help govern

77
Q

Political parties create what?

A

The means by which politicians can be held accountable

78
Q

Political parties serve as what?

A

political symbols of shorthand ideas

79
Q

What is the dominant party in Sweden?

A

Social Democratic Party

80
Q

What is the dominant party in Japan?

A

Liberal Democratic Party

81
Q

What country has experienced a lot of instability among a handful of parties and shifts between them?

A

Italy

82
Q

In what countries is voting compulsory?

A

Australia, Belgium, Brazil

83
Q

All democracies break up populations into what?

A

Boundaries and Constituencies

84
Q

Norway is broken up into how many counties?

A

19

85
Q

How many constituencies are in Nigeria?

A

360

86
Q

Liberal democracies have how many forms of electoral systems?

A

2

87
Q

What do plurality and majority systems create?

A

Single-member districts

88
Q

Plurality-based, single member district systems are called what?

A

First Past the Post

89
Q

The UK, Canada, Nigeria, India, and the USA all have what kind of systems?

A

First Past the Post

90
Q

What country has a system where candidates go round by round until a runoff?

A

France

91
Q

In a alternative preferential system (instant runoff) who gets eliminated first?

A

The candidate with the lowest number of first place votes

92
Q

What countries use the preferential system?

A

Australia, Fiji, Papua New Guinea

93
Q

In proportional representation, voters cast votes for what rather than what?

A

Party rather than candidate

94
Q

In proportional representation, the percentage of votes a party receives determines what?

A

The number of seats they receive in that district

95
Q

Countries using proportional representation rely heavily on what?

A

Multi-member districts

96
Q

What percentage do parties in Germany need to gain seats?

A

5%

97
Q

What percentage do parties in Turkey need to gain seats?

A

10%

98
Q

What electoral system gives voters two votes, one for party and one for a candidate?

A

Mixed electoral system

99
Q

Countries allowing a public vote on a particular issue is called a what?

A

Referendum

100
Q

Countries allowing citizens to collect signatures to put a question to national vote is called what?

A

Initiative

101
Q

Autocracy, oligarchy, dictatorship, tyranny, authoritarianism, and totalitarianism are all names for what?

A

Non-democratic regimes

102
Q

Totalitarianism consists of what two factors?

A
  • highly centralized state

- well defined ideology

103
Q

Non-democratic regimes maintain control through what?

A
  • Coercion
  • Surveillance
  • co-optation
104
Q

What is co-optation?

A

Individuals from outside an organization are brought in with incentives that make them dependent

105
Q

What is corporatism?

A

Enabling a limited number of organizations to represent the public, which are mandated by the state

106
Q

What is clientism?

A

When the regime co-opts members of the public by providing specific benefits to a single person in exchange for public support

107
Q

Clientism involves what?

A

individual patronage

108
Q

What is rent-seeking?

A

When political leaders rent out parts of the state to their supporters

109
Q

At its worst, a non-democratic regime may turn into what?

A

A kleptocracy

110
Q

What is a kleptocracy ruled by?

A

Theft; those in power drain the state of resources

111
Q

Constant praising of the leadership is enforced by what?

A

Personality cults

112
Q

Personality cults are promoted through the what?

A
  • News reports
  • Public rallies
  • Films and other imagery

PS 260 (5 decks)

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