Second Test Flashcards
Politics can be defined as what?
The competition and struggle for power
Comparative politics can be defined as what?
The study and comparison of domestic politics across countries
Comparative politics focuses on what?
the political institutions and structures of states
Government can be defined as what?
The leadership or elite in charge of running the state
What 2 advantages did the modern state have?
- States encourage economic development
- creation of domestic stability
True or false: by 1500, states covered 20% of the globe
True
What two countries controlled most of the Americas in the 17th and 18th century?
Spain and Portugal
What groups expanded power into Asia during the same time?
The Dutch, French, and British
True or False: Colonization state structure ends as soon as formal colonial rule ends
False
What are 2 problems new states often face?
- Establishing sovereignty over places with diverse populations
- Establishing legitimacy
Legitimacy relies on what?
Consent, not coercion
According to German theorist Max Weber, legitimacy comes in how many forms?
3
What is Traditional Legitimacy?
System built in history and continuity (long standing monarchy)
What is charismatic legitimacy based on?
The power of ideas (Ghandi, Mandela)
What is Rational-legal legitimacy based on?
system of laws and procedures that are highly institutionalized
The world of modern states is built on what?
Rational-legal foundation
Unitary states invest most political power at what level?
National level
In territorial divisions within unitary states are less important in terms of what?
Political power
Randomly applied rules, tax evasion, corruption, and rebel uprising are all characteristics of what?
Weak states
What is a failed state?
When the structures of the state become so weak that they break down
Some developing nations have been able to overcome what?
Chronic poverty and low productivity
Name the tigers/dragons?
Taiwan, Singapore, Hong Kong, South Korea, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia
A collection of third world countries called Group of 77, has how many countries?
Over 120
Over 120 countries have appealed through the UN to demand a what?
A New International Economic Order
After the cold war, governments in Africa and Latin America have pursued more what?
Market Oriented Strategies of Development
In much of Latin America, dictatorships have been replaced by what?
Electoral governments
True or false: China maintains a relatively open market economy and a relatively closed political system
True
The Asian continent has been profoundly affected by what?
Western colonization
Which area spans 1/3 of the earth and contains 2/3 of the world’s people?
Asia
What two great early civilizations originated in Asia?
Chinese and the Indus
What type of regime does Syria have?
One-Party
What type of regime does Iran?
Theocracy
What type of regime does Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and Jordan have?
Feudal Monarchies
What type of regime does China have?
Communist
What type of regime does India and Israel have?
Multiparty democracy
What are the three great world religions contained in the middle east?
Christianity, Islam, Judaism
Much of the population in the middle easy is what?
Muslim
True or false: the middle east has managed to avoid influence from foreign invaders
False
What are the three ways the middle east has responded to the influences?
Acceptance, Assimilation, and rejection
Since the 19th century, what western institutions have impacted the middle east?
- Constitutionalism
- Parliamentary democracy
- Industrial Capitalism
- Concept of a nation state
The politics of the middle east are also influenced by what?
The Iranian Revolution of 1979
Conservative Arab leaders are seen as what?
Corrupt
Western Europeans are seen as what?
Neo-colonizers and exploiters of the third world
The foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran has a strong moralist tone based on what two things?
Shia beliefs and Persian Patriotism
Since the 20th century, Middle Eastern politics has been the dispute over the control of what?
Palestine
Armenian nationalists and Kurds also seek what?
Political independence
State formation in Taiwan and South Korea was facilitated by who?
The US
True or false: India has been able to maintain a strong democratic state
True
Pakistan has moved back and forth between rule from who?
Military government and civilian rule
Pakistan and India share the same colonial heritage, when did the violent partition causing separation happen?
1947
In its first decade of independence, Pakistan operated what kind of government?
A Westminster parliament
When did Pakistan’s parliament structure fall?
1958
Democratic success in India has been attributed to what?
the consensual, tolerant, and accommodating political style
What does Gandhi’s philosophy Satyagraha emphasize?
- tolerance
- non-violence
- peaceful resolution
True or false: Satyagraha quickly phased out of Indian culture once they established liberty
False
For many societies in Asia, the supremacy of who over who tends to challenge democracy?
The state over civil society
In Asia, the strongest states had the judiciaries and legal authority to protect what three things?
liberty, constitutionalism, and due process (India/Papua New Guinea)
What are the three most common characteristics of Latin American countries?
Language, culture, and historical backgrounds
Latin American countries have been referred to as what?
- Western
- Non-western
- Developing
- Third world
Venezuela and Mexico have large deposits of what?
Oil
What was the aim of revolutions in Latin America?
To alleviate poverty created by the system
Political culture in Latin America had been mainly what?
- Elitist
- Hierarchical
- Authoritarian
- Corporatist
- Patrimonial
Liberal, republican, egalitarian, secular, and socialist were all values present in Latin America during what time?
The 19th and 20th centuries
Social revolutions occurred in what four Latin American countries?
Argentina, Cuba, Chile, Nicaragua
In the early 1980’s, Argentina, Brazil, Peru, and Uruguay all returned to what?
Elected governments
When did Chile return to elected government?
March, 1990
What country embraced some form of plural democracy?
Cuba
True or false: The US has had interest in Latin America since they became independent
True
US concern over Latin America lead ton what document in 1823?
The Monroe Doctrine
True or false: A US Ambassador in Latin America had little power
False
Latin American power has traditionally been secured in what branch of government?
The executive branch
Power of the Mexican president has been compared to what?
The Aztec Emperors
Where are the 4 federal systems in Latin America?
Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, Venezuela
True or false: the federal government cannot intervene in the Latin American federal systems
False
What are the two main issues in emerging nations?
- the maintenance of stable governments
- the establishment of a unified state
Costa Rica, China, Nigeria, Lebanon, El Salvador, Liberia, Sudan, and Syria have all experienced what?
Civil Wars
Over 2/3 of the nations in the developing world have had attempts to what?
Overthrow the government
Another challenge threatening developing nations is what?
Potential political integration
In the middle East, political tension has arisen between what such groups?
- Kurds
- Armenians
- Various Muslim Sects
In Africa, many states are affected by what?
Ethnic Strife
A lack of national identity in the third world manifests in groups that what?
Refuse to submit to the authority of the central government
Radical ethnic/religious groups insist on what?
Independence
To foster greater integration, governments in the third world have used what?
- National politics
- Patriotism
- Emphasis on national languages
- Education
Most African countries gained independence when?
within the last 4 to 5 decades
By 1980, what were the four main types of government in Africa?
- Single Party Regimes
- Military Regimes
- Monarchies
- Multiparty Democracies
Botswana, Mauritius, and Senegal became multiparty democracies in what year?
1978
What year did South Africa become a multiparty democracy?
1994
In the late 1980’s/ early 90’s, ordinary citizens began to do what?
Challenge dictatorships
Worsening political and economic conditions and political repression lead to what?
Revolt against dictators
Did full communism make it easier or harder to oppose one-party rule?
Easier
Many nations in sub-Saharan Africa now have what?
Elected governments
Some of the challenges in African politics include:
- Personal rule
- Political patronage
- Colonial legacy issues
- Military coups
Colonial regimes left in Africa did what?
Distort economies and make nations dependent
Governments in Africa placed emphasis on colonial structure, especially what?
The bureaucracies, army, and police
What caused poor communication between African governments and citizens?
Lack of political participation
In the 1960’s, what emerged as a serious political issue in Africa?
Military rule
By 1989, most undemocratic regimes were what?
Openly challenged
Between 1990 and 2002, many dictators were what?
Removed from power
How were dictators removed from power in the DRC and Liberia?
Force
How were dictators removed from power in Nigeria (1999) and Kenya (2002)?
Peaceful elections
Fragile relations among various ethnic groups and may lead to what?
Civil war
Ethnic pluralism tends to complicate what?
Nation-building
How many languages and ethnic groups are in Africa?
1000 languages, 3000 ethnic groups
Political ethnicity is potentially prone to what?
Political and ethnic conflict
4 main levels of conflict
- elite conflict
- factional conflict
- Mass conflict (radical political change)
- Communal/ethnic conflict
When did Katanga attempt to secede?
1960-1963
When did Sudan have a secession?
1955-1956
When did South Sudan become a country?
July 9th, 2011
When did Biafra attempt to secede?
1967-1970
Angola, CAR, Chad, Ethiopia, Liberia, Rwanda, Somalia, South Africa, South Sudan, Uganda, Congo, and Zimbabwe have all had what?
Communal conflict
Quebec, Ireland, Former soviet union, Yugoslavia, Ukraine, Spain, and Switzerland are developed countries that have gone through what?
Political tensions
What are the two main approaches to diffusing ethnic tensions?
- Redistribution
- Power Sharing
True or False: ethnic pluralism is not always destabilizing and can be coped with
True
What is the solution to structural reorganization?
federalism
What is devolution?
The decentralization of power
Ethnic cooperation in electoral coalitions is a solution to what?
Political conflict
Politics should be designed to encourage what?
Alignments and alliances that play down ethnicity
What is the normative method?
involves the intro of national symbols, values, and cultural orientations through education and language policies
What is the purpose of affirmative policies and actions?
To make programs and opportunities equally available to all
What is the party state?
The first phase in African politics; aim to create and maintain a new order
In the 1960’s and 70’s, African leader needed to develop their nations. What is this called?
(second phase) the development state
What is the efficient state?
During the 1980’s and 90’s, the aim of politics was to streamline efficiency (third phase)
In the early 1990’s, political reform and the intro of democratic forms lead to what?
the democratic state (4th phase)
African societies rely on informal social support systems such as what?
- Extended family
- Neighbors
- Community at large
What is economy of affection?
An informal political economy based on personal relationships, rather than official party
Botswana, Mauritius Senegal, Swaziland, and Tanzania all have what?
Stable governments
Botswana, Mauritius Senegal, Swaziland, and Tanzania have never had what?
Military governments
Botswana, Mauritius Senegal, Nigeria, Zambia, Ghana, and South Africa have what?
Freely, democratically elected governments
