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PS 260 > Second Test > Flashcards

Second Test Flashcards

1
Q

Politics can be defined as what?

A

The competition and struggle for power

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2
Q

Comparative politics can be defined as what?

A

The study and comparison of domestic politics across countries

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3
Q

Comparative politics focuses on what?

A

the political institutions and structures of states

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4
Q

Government can be defined as what?

A

The leadership or elite in charge of running the state

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5
Q

What 2 advantages did the modern state have?

A
  • States encourage economic development

- creation of domestic stability

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6
Q

True or false: by 1500, states covered 20% of the globe

A

True

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7
Q

What two countries controlled most of the Americas in the 17th and 18th century?

A

Spain and Portugal

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8
Q

What groups expanded power into Asia during the same time?

A

The Dutch, French, and British

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9
Q

True or False: Colonization state structure ends as soon as formal colonial rule ends

A

False

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10
Q

What are 2 problems new states often face?

A
  • Establishing sovereignty over places with diverse populations
  • Establishing legitimacy
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11
Q

Legitimacy relies on what?

A

Consent, not coercion

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12
Q

According to German theorist Max Weber, legitimacy comes in how many forms?

A

3

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13
Q

What is Traditional Legitimacy?

A

System built in history and continuity (long standing monarchy)

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14
Q

What is charismatic legitimacy based on?

A

The power of ideas (Ghandi, Mandela)

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15
Q

What is Rational-legal legitimacy based on?

A

system of laws and procedures that are highly institutionalized

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16
Q

The world of modern states is built on what?

A

Rational-legal foundation

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17
Q

Unitary states invest most political power at what level?

A

National level

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18
Q

In territorial divisions within unitary states are less important in terms of what?

A

Political power

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19
Q

Randomly applied rules, tax evasion, corruption, and rebel uprising are all characteristics of what?

A

Weak states

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20
Q

What is a failed state?

A

When the structures of the state become so weak that they break down

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21
Q

Some developing nations have been able to overcome what?

A

Chronic poverty and low productivity

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22
Q

Name the tigers/dragons?

A

Taiwan, Singapore, Hong Kong, South Korea, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia

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23
Q

A collection of third world countries called Group of 77, has how many countries?

A

Over 120

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24
Q

Over 120 countries have appealed through the UN to demand a what?

A

A New International Economic Order

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25
Q

After the cold war, governments in Africa and Latin America have pursued more what?

A

Market Oriented Strategies of Development

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26
Q

In much of Latin America, dictatorships have been replaced by what?

A

Electoral governments

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27
Q

True or false: China maintains a relatively open market economy and a relatively closed political system

A

True

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28
Q

The Asian continent has been profoundly affected by what?

A

Western colonization

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29
Q

Which area spans 1/3 of the earth and contains 2/3 of the world’s people?

A

Asia

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30
Q

What two great early civilizations originated in Asia?

A

Chinese and the Indus

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31
Q

What type of regime does Syria have?

A

One-Party

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32
Q

What type of regime does Iran?

A

Theocracy

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33
Q

What type of regime does Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and Jordan have?

A

Feudal Monarchies

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34
Q

What type of regime does China have?

A

Communist

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35
Q

What type of regime does India and Israel have?

A

Multiparty democracy

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36
Q

What are the three great world religions contained in the middle east?

A

Christianity, Islam, Judaism

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37
Q

Much of the population in the middle easy is what?

A

Muslim

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38
Q

True or false: the middle east has managed to avoid influence from foreign invaders

A

False

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39
Q

What are the three ways the middle east has responded to the influences?

A

Acceptance, Assimilation, and rejection

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40
Q

Since the 19th century, what western institutions have impacted the middle east?

A
  • Constitutionalism
  • Parliamentary democracy
  • Industrial Capitalism
  • Concept of a nation state
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41
Q

The politics of the middle east are also influenced by what?

A

The Iranian Revolution of 1979

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42
Q

Conservative Arab leaders are seen as what?

A

Corrupt

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43
Q

Western Europeans are seen as what?

A

Neo-colonizers and exploiters of the third world

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44
Q

The foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran has a strong moralist tone based on what two things?

A

Shia beliefs and Persian Patriotism

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45
Q

Since the 20th century, Middle Eastern politics has been the dispute over the control of what?

A

Palestine

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46
Q

Armenian nationalists and Kurds also seek what?

A

Political independence

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47
Q

State formation in Taiwan and South Korea was facilitated by who?

A

The US

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48
Q

True or false: India has been able to maintain a strong democratic state

A

True

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49
Q

Pakistan has moved back and forth between rule from who?

A

Military government and civilian rule

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50
Q

Pakistan and India share the same colonial heritage, when did the violent partition causing separation happen?

A

1947

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51
Q

In its first decade of independence, Pakistan operated what kind of government?

A

A Westminster parliament

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52
Q

When did Pakistan’s parliament structure fall?

A

1958

53
Q

Democratic success in India has been attributed to what?

A

the consensual, tolerant, and accommodating political style

54
Q

What does Gandhi’s philosophy Satyagraha emphasize?

A
  • tolerance
  • non-violence
  • peaceful resolution
55
Q

True or false: Satyagraha quickly phased out of Indian culture once they established liberty

A

False

56
Q

For many societies in Asia, the supremacy of who over who tends to challenge democracy?

A

The state over civil society

57
Q

In Asia, the strongest states had the judiciaries and legal authority to protect what three things?

A

liberty, constitutionalism, and due process (India/Papua New Guinea)

58
Q

What are the three most common characteristics of Latin American countries?

A

Language, culture, and historical backgrounds

59
Q

Latin American countries have been referred to as what?

A
  • Western
  • Non-western
  • Developing
  • Third world
60
Q

Venezuela and Mexico have large deposits of what?

A

Oil

61
Q

What was the aim of revolutions in Latin America?

A

To alleviate poverty created by the system

62
Q

Political culture in Latin America had been mainly what?

A
  • Elitist
  • Hierarchical
  • Authoritarian
  • Corporatist
  • Patrimonial
63
Q

Liberal, republican, egalitarian, secular, and socialist were all values present in Latin America during what time?

A

The 19th and 20th centuries

64
Q

Social revolutions occurred in what four Latin American countries?

A

Argentina, Cuba, Chile, Nicaragua

65
Q

In the early 1980’s, Argentina, Brazil, Peru, and Uruguay all returned to what?

A

Elected governments

66
Q

When did Chile return to elected government?

A

March, 1990

67
Q

What country embraced some form of plural democracy?

A

Cuba

68
Q

True or false: The US has had interest in Latin America since they became independent

A

True

69
Q

US concern over Latin America lead ton what document in 1823?

A

The Monroe Doctrine

70
Q

True or false: A US Ambassador in Latin America had little power

A

False

71
Q

Latin American power has traditionally been secured in what branch of government?

A

The executive branch

72
Q

Power of the Mexican president has been compared to what?

A

The Aztec Emperors

73
Q

Where are the 4 federal systems in Latin America?

A

Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, Venezuela

74
Q

True or false: the federal government cannot intervene in the Latin American federal systems

A

False

75
Q

What are the two main issues in emerging nations?

A
  • the maintenance of stable governments

- the establishment of a unified state

76
Q

Costa Rica, China, Nigeria, Lebanon, El Salvador, Liberia, Sudan, and Syria have all experienced what?

A

Civil Wars

77
Q

Over 2/3 of the nations in the developing world have had attempts to what?

A

Overthrow the government

78
Q

Another challenge threatening developing nations is what?

A

Potential political integration

79
Q

In the middle East, political tension has arisen between what such groups?

A
  • Kurds
  • Armenians
  • Various Muslim Sects
80
Q

In Africa, many states are affected by what?

A

Ethnic Strife

81
Q

A lack of national identity in the third world manifests in groups that what?

A

Refuse to submit to the authority of the central government

82
Q

Radical ethnic/religious groups insist on what?

A

Independence

83
Q

To foster greater integration, governments in the third world have used what?

A
  • National politics
  • Patriotism
  • Emphasis on national languages
  • Education
84
Q

Most African countries gained independence when?

A

within the last 4 to 5 decades

85
Q

By 1980, what were the four main types of government in Africa?

A
  • Single Party Regimes
  • Military Regimes
  • Monarchies
  • Multiparty Democracies
86
Q

Botswana, Mauritius, and Senegal became multiparty democracies in what year?

A

1978

87
Q

What year did South Africa become a multiparty democracy?

A

1994

88
Q

In the late 1980’s/ early 90’s, ordinary citizens began to do what?

A

Challenge dictatorships

89
Q

Worsening political and economic conditions and political repression lead to what?

A

Revolt against dictators

90
Q

Did full communism make it easier or harder to oppose one-party rule?

A

Easier

91
Q

Many nations in sub-Saharan Africa now have what?

A

Elected governments

92
Q

Some of the challenges in African politics include:

A
  • Personal rule
  • Political patronage
  • Colonial legacy issues
  • Military coups
93
Q

Colonial regimes left in Africa did what?

A

Distort economies and make nations dependent

94
Q

Governments in Africa placed emphasis on colonial structure, especially what?

A

The bureaucracies, army, and police

95
Q

What caused poor communication between African governments and citizens?

A

Lack of political participation

96
Q

In the 1960’s, what emerged as a serious political issue in Africa?

A

Military rule

97
Q

By 1989, most undemocratic regimes were what?

A

Openly challenged

98
Q

Between 1990 and 2002, many dictators were what?

A

Removed from power

99
Q

How were dictators removed from power in the DRC and Liberia?

A

Force

100
Q

How were dictators removed from power in Nigeria (1999) and Kenya (2002)?

A

Peaceful elections

101
Q

Fragile relations among various ethnic groups and may lead to what?

A

Civil war

102
Q

Ethnic pluralism tends to complicate what?

A

Nation-building

103
Q

How many languages and ethnic groups are in Africa?

A

1000 languages, 3000 ethnic groups

104
Q

Political ethnicity is potentially prone to what?

A

Political and ethnic conflict

105
Q

4 main levels of conflict

A
  • elite conflict
  • factional conflict
  • Mass conflict (radical political change)
  • Communal/ethnic conflict
106
Q

When did Katanga attempt to secede?

A

1960-1963

107
Q

When did Sudan have a secession?

A

1955-1956

108
Q

When did South Sudan become a country?

A

July 9th, 2011

109
Q

When did Biafra attempt to secede?

A

1967-1970

110
Q

Angola, CAR, Chad, Ethiopia, Liberia, Rwanda, Somalia, South Africa, South Sudan, Uganda, Congo, and Zimbabwe have all had what?

A

Communal conflict

111
Q

Quebec, Ireland, Former soviet union, Yugoslavia, Ukraine, Spain, and Switzerland are developed countries that have gone through what?

A

Political tensions

112
Q

What are the two main approaches to diffusing ethnic tensions?

A
  • Redistribution

- Power Sharing

113
Q

True or False: ethnic pluralism is not always destabilizing and can be coped with

A

True

114
Q

What is the solution to structural reorganization?

A

federalism

115
Q

What is devolution?

A

The decentralization of power

116
Q

Ethnic cooperation in electoral coalitions is a solution to what?

A

Political conflict

117
Q

Politics should be designed to encourage what?

A

Alignments and alliances that play down ethnicity

118
Q

What is the normative method?

A

involves the intro of national symbols, values, and cultural orientations through education and language policies

119
Q

What is the purpose of affirmative policies and actions?

A

To make programs and opportunities equally available to all

120
Q

What is the party state?

A

The first phase in African politics; aim to create and maintain a new order

121
Q

In the 1960’s and 70’s, African leader needed to develop their nations. What is this called?

A

(second phase) the development state

122
Q

What is the efficient state?

A

During the 1980’s and 90’s, the aim of politics was to streamline efficiency (third phase)

123
Q

In the early 1990’s, political reform and the intro of democratic forms lead to what?

A

the democratic state (4th phase)

124
Q

African societies rely on informal social support systems such as what?

A
  • Extended family
  • Neighbors
  • Community at large
125
Q

What is economy of affection?

A

An informal political economy based on personal relationships, rather than official party

126
Q

Botswana, Mauritius Senegal, Swaziland, and Tanzania all have what?

A

Stable governments

127
Q

Botswana, Mauritius Senegal, Swaziland, and Tanzania have never had what?

A

Military governments

128
Q

Botswana, Mauritius Senegal, Nigeria, Zambia, Ghana, and South Africa have what?

A

Freely, democratically elected governments

PS 260 (5 decks)

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