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Evolution > third quiz > Flashcards

third quiz Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two types of evolutionary genetics ?

A

population genetics

quantitative genetics

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2
Q

what is population genetics

A

study of the fate of alleles at one or more loci

p and q stuff

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3
Q

what is quantitave genetics

A

study of traits assumed to be controlled by many loci

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4
Q

is height in humans population genetics or quantitative genetics

A

quantitative

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5
Q

what are the different ways alleles at a loci affect phenitypes

A

dominance
epistasis
pleiotropy
plasticity

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6
Q

what is dominance

A

interactions between alleles at a loci

normal recessive/dominance stuff

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7
Q

what is epistasis

A

interactions across loci

effect of a gene mutation is dependant on the presence of absence of a mutation on one or more genes

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8
Q

what is pleiotropy

A

interactions across traits

when one gene influences multiple seemingly unrelated phenotypic traits

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9
Q

what is plasticity

A

interactions with environment

change in the expressed phenotype of a genotype as a result of the environment

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10
Q

what is codominance

A

both alleles in the genotype are seen in the the phenotype

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11
Q

what is incomplete dominance

A

when the phenotypes of the parents blend together to create a new phenotype

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12
Q

what does the hardy Weinberg equation describe

A

the unchanging frequency of alleles in a stable, idealized population

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13
Q

what does hardy Weinberg assume

A

large populations, no selection, no migration, random mating, no mutation

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14
Q

in hardy Weinberg equilibrium do allele frequencies change over time

A

no

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15
Q

what are the classes of selection

A

viability selection

fecundity selection

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16
Q

what is viability selection

A

differences in survival probabilities

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17
Q

what is fecundity selection

A

differences in reproductive success

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18
Q

how do new dominant mutations affect frequency and fixation

A

increase in frequency rapidly

approaches fixation slowly

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19
Q

how do new recessive mutations affect frequency and fixation

A

increase frequency very slowly

once they are common they reach fixation very quickly

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20
Q

Are most new mutations recessive or dominant

A

most are at least partially recessive

21
Q

what are ways genetic variation is maintained

A
  • recessive alleles linger even if selected against
  • directly via selection (ex:heterozygote advantage, frequency-dependant selection, mosaic evolution that counteracts migration)
  • via recurrent mutation
  • via drift
22
Q

what is a heterozygote advantage

A

when the heterozygote has a higher fitness than the homozygote

23
Q

what is frequency dependant selection

A

each selection coefficient is a function the frequencies of the different genotypes.
pretty much frequency of the genotypes influences likelihood of getting that genotype

24
Q

what is mosaic evolution

A

different geographic locations lead to different fitnesses for the same allele

25
Q

what is mutation selection balance

A

new copies of alleles keep arising by mutation making it so it persists at a low frequency

26
Q

what are Darwins 2 big ideas

A

natural selection

decent with modification

27
Q

what is homology

A

similarities due to a common ancestor

28
Q

what is analogy

A

similarities due to convergent evolution

29
Q

what is apomorphy

A

when a species/clade shows a trait that identifies it from the ancestral form

30
Q

symplesiomorphy

A

a characteristic shared by 2 or more taxa and their most recent common ancestor

31
Q

what is plesiomorphy

A

ancestral trait

32
Q

what is autapomorphy

A

a distinctive feature (derived trait) that is unique to a taxon (only found in one taxon)

33
Q

what is a synapomorphy

A

characteristic shared by a group of taxa due to common ancestor

34
Q

what is homoplasy

A

a characteristic shared by a set of species but not their common ancestor

35
Q

what are the three parts of a phylogenetic tree

A

tips, nodes, branches

36
Q

what is each branch and node represent

A

a phylogenetic species

37
Q

what is a root

A

a common ancestor of all taxa in the tree

38
Q

what is a sister group

A

closest living species relative to another

39
Q

what do rooted trees incorporate

A

relative time

40
Q

what is an outgroup

A

taxon outside of group of interest (ingroup)

41
Q

what do cladograms represent

A

relative relationships

42
Q

what do additive trees show

A

branch lengths represent the amount of change and isn’t indicative of the amount of time

43
Q

what do ultrametric trees show

A

branch lengths show relative time

all living species are same distance from the root

44
Q

order types of trees from least complex (amount of information shown) to most

A

unrooted trees
cladogram
additive tree
ultranetric tree

45
Q

what is polytomy

A

a node on a phylogeny with more than 2 decendant lineages emerging

46
Q

what does it mean to be bifurcating (dichotomous)

A

to divide into 2 branches

47
Q

what is a monophyletic group (clade)

A

consists of a node and all of its descendants

48
Q

what is a paraphyletic group

A

contains a node and some but not all descendants

49
Q

what is a polyphyletic group

A

when two lineages convergently evolve similar character states

Evolution (8 decks)

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