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Evolution > quiz 6 > Flashcards

quiz 6 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the major transitions in evolution

A

CO2, HCN, N, Fe

nucleic acids, amino acids, enzymes

replication oligonucleotides (RNA)

Cells (prokaryotes)

eukaryotes

multicellularity

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2
Q

What may have vaporized oceans in the beginning

A

large meteorite impacts

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3
Q

what are the two types of evidence of early life

A

chemical signatures

morphological fossils

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4
Q

Why isn’t organic matter (chemical signatures) alone sufficient evidence in oldest rock

A

since analytical techniques aren’t good enough yet

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5
Q

what is issue with morphological fossils of single cells

A

could be mistakenly identified

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6
Q

what are stromatolites

A

rock like structures that are formed by sediment build up on layers of cyanobacteria

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7
Q

what do stromatolite fossils provide indirect evidence of and how

A

early life

since the micro-organisms that create them are rarely preserved but the structures are complex (not single celled)

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8
Q

what 3 properties define life

A
  1. self replication with variation (genotype)
  2. individuality/defined borders (persistence)
  3. energy conversion/metabolism (phenotype)
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9
Q

What is a genotype (life definition)

A

complex ribose nucleic acids

sugar + P + CN rings

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10
Q

what is a phenotype (life definition)

A

complex amino acid based enzymes

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11
Q

what are the 3 theories of where the building blocks came from

A

pre-biotic soup

arrived on meteorites

deep sea vents

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12
Q

what is the prebiotic soup hypothesis

A

aqueous solution of organic compounds that accumulated in primitive water bodies of earth as the result of abiotic syntheses and the extraterrestrial delivery from meteorites

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13
Q

what are the issues with Stanley miller’s experiment

A

doesn’t yield all the essential molecules

his experiment assumed atmosphere was comprised of reducing agents, but in actuality old atmosphere is thought to be made of oxidizing agents

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14
Q

what is the panspermia hypothesis

A

life exists throughout the universe and is distributed by meteorites, asteroids, etc…

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15
Q

what have been found in meteorites

A

amino acids

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16
Q

what is the deep sea vents theory

A

building blocks were created where metal-rich rocks heat acidic Fe- rich water that percolates through deep sea vents

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17
Q

what is the evidence of LUCA

A

near universality of the genetic code

use of ribosomes, DNA polymerase, 20 amino acids

use of ATP and cofactors

use of protein gradient to generate power

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18
Q

do all organisms have ribosomal RNA

A

yes

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19
Q

Do archaea love hydrothermal vents

A

yes

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20
Q

what does thermophiles mean

A

heat loving

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21
Q

are deep sea vents in the theory warm or hot and what is the optimal temp

A

warm

55 degrees Celsius

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22
Q

where did building blocks come from

A

either formed in situ or arrived from space

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23
Q

how did building blocks form complex structures

A

still an outstanding question

possibly formed not from riboze and nucleic acids but from other precursor

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24
Q

what is the RNA world

A

RNA has property of both genotype and phenotype

so RNA could be first proto-life

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25
Q

How is RNA intimately involved with a lot of the major phenotypic aspects of replication

A

mRNA
tRNA
rRNA

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26
Q

what is a ribozyme

A

RNA enzyme that catalyzes a chemical reaction

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27
Q

can you subject robozymes to artificial selection to gain improvements in efficiency

A

yes

28
Q

can you engineer a new ribozyme that can produce new ribozymes

A

yes

29
Q

how would it be possible to go from a RNA world to a RNA protein world

A

via use of amino acids as cofactors that help catalyze reactions

30
Q

how do you go cellular

A
  1. need to get replicating molecules into protocols (genes)
  2. need to bind independent replicators into chromosomes
  3. need to evolve a full prokaryote
31
Q

difference between cell membranes then and now

A

now : complex dynamic lipid bilayer

  • long chain fatty acids
  • complex proteins (ATPase and transport channels, transport channels, electron transport chain)

then: structures formed by long chain fatty acids in water

32
Q

how old are earliest signs of prokaryotes

A

3.4 billion years

33
Q

how old are earliest signs of eukaryotes

A

2 billion years ago

34
Q

what are bigger prokaryotes or eukaryotes

A

eukaryotes

35
Q

what does eukaryote mean

A

true nucleus

36
Q

what has bigger genome eukaryotes or prokaryotes

A

eukaryotes

37
Q

what are some things eukaryotes have that prokaryotes dont

A

simple cell wall when present
cytoskeleton
linear DNA with histones
membrane bound organelles

38
Q

what is endosymbiogenesis theory

A

internal structure of eukaryotes comes from engulfment of some kind

39
Q

what do mitochondria have

A

circular genomes
genes for assembling proteins
bacterial type ribosomes

40
Q

is the rRNA of organelles bacterial

A

yes

41
Q

what genes in nucleus look archaea like

A

rRNA

42
Q

how many of rest of genes in eukaryotes that can be assigned to one of the 2 single cell domains look bacterial

A

3/4

43
Q

theories of who ate who/ how

A

all players were the same (freely mixing community)

bacterium and archaean fused (ring of life hypothesis)

there was an extinct early eukaryote chronocyte

44
Q

what is lateral gene transfer

A

movement of genes between individuals of different lineages

45
Q

what is vertical gene transfer

A

passing of genes from parents to offspring

46
Q

does lateral gene transfer occur across all three domains

A

yes

47
Q

what do molecular clocks and housekeeping genes suggest

A

most recent common ancestor of all life was only 2 billion years old

48
Q

were early lateral transfers rampant early on

A

yes

so much so that there might not be a tree at all

49
Q

when did lateral gene transfer occur among bacteria

A

after eukarya evolved

50
Q

What does the fact that all these genes from all over agree on the eukaryotic tree strong evidence for

A

that endosymbiosis only happened once

51
Q

what are the benefits of multicellularity

A

replacement of cells = longer lifespan (develop once, reproduce many times)

larger organisms have greater physiological stability (buffered from environment)

can ingest entire organisms (rich food source)

less predation the bigger you are

52
Q

what are the costs of multicellularity

A

SIZE

longer development = late reproduction

larger size = more issues with respiration and circulation

small animals warm up/cool down faster

multicellular organisms require more oxygen than of single celled organisms of same size

53
Q

what does multicellularity allow for

A

division of labour

54
Q

what type of correlation does size and complexity show across species

A

strong

55
Q

what is size and complexity show a strong connection with

A

per cell metabolic rate

56
Q

is population growth of differentiated multicellular species or single celled species falser in a nutrient rich environment? why?

A

differentiated multicellular

division of labour

57
Q

what 3 groups evolved ways to prevent cheating

A

plants
fungi
animals

58
Q

how have plants selected against cheating

A

immobile so cannot migrate to edge of plant to reproduce

59
Q

how have fungi selected against cheating

A

nuclei are immobilized prior to meiosis

in specialized cells

60
Q

how have animals selected against cheating

A

germ line set aside very early on in development

mutants therefore prevented from taking over reproduction

61
Q

what is the benefit of muticellularity

A

divison of labour

62
Q

when did multicellularity take off

A

Cambrian explosion (540 - 530 mya)

63
Q

why was there an explosion of multicellularity/why when it happened

A

Happened earlier, we’re just missing older fossils

something special happened then

likely both are true

64
Q

what is the long fuse theory

A

that multicellularity existed before “explosion”

65
Q

what happened during Cambrian explosion for multicellularity to develop so much

A

oxygen increased in ocean

this allowed for:

larger body sizes to evolve

calcium carbonate increased in oceans

possible key innovations of both size and shells to evolve

66
Q

what does changed environment + genetic variance + ecological opportunity =

A

rapid evolution and diversification

Evolution (8 decks)

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