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5th quiz Flashcards

1
Q

what does heritability give us

A

the breeders equation

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2
Q

what is the breeders equation

A

R = h^2 * s

r= response to selection

h^2= heritability

s is strength of selection

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3
Q

what determines the evolution of a trait

A

heritability combined with the strength of selection

breeders equation

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4
Q

what is big S

A

selection differential

S=P*- p(mean)\

P* = mean of selection group
P hat = mean of total population

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5
Q

what is R

A

response to selection

R = O* - O hat

O* = mean of offspring

O hat = mean of offspring of entire parental generation

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6
Q

when is there a big response to selection

A

when selection is strong and heritability is high

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7
Q

what do quantitative genetics allow us to predict

A

evolutionary change

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8
Q

what assumptions are made when calculating heritability

A

no environmental covariation of parents and offspring (if u put families in different environments you’ll get different phenotypic outcomes)

that Va and Ve dont interact

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9
Q

what is one way to control for common environmental effects

A

cross fostering experiments

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10
Q

how do you separate Vg and Ve

A

control for genes (see how much phenotypic variation is due to environment when genotype is held constant)

control for environment (see how much phenotypic variation is due to genotype when environment is held constant)

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11
Q

what are monozygotic twins

A

essentially clones

shared uterus

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12
Q

why are monozygotic twins used to estimate heritability and what is the issue with it

A

since they should have same Vg , differences should be due to Ve

issue is since they shared a uterus they share some Ve

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13
Q

how does the issue with monozygotic twins in heritability studies skew the results

A

heritability estimates are biased high

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14
Q

what is the critical assumption for breeders equation

A

genotypes and environments act independently

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15
Q

when are G and E additive

A

when they are both increasing

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16
Q

are genotype by environment interactions common

A

yes

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17
Q

when are G x E interactions exhibited

A

when different genotypes have different plastic responses to different environments

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18
Q

is heritability in the lab = heritability in the wild

A

no

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19
Q

what do GxE interactions and environment- specific heritability reduce our ability to predict? why?

A

reduces ability to predict response to selection in different environments

since heritability is always population-specific and does’t imply genetic determinism

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20
Q

what is genetic determinism

A

belief that behaviour is directly controlled by genes

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21
Q

why can selection sometimes be non-intuitive

A

when selection acts on several correlated traits

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22
Q

what can artificial selection produce in very few generations

A

a mean phenotype that is 4x the original maximum

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23
Q

what does a gene “for” mean

A

that allele variation in the gene is associated with variation in the trait in one or more populations at one or more times

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24
Q

why do genes not necessarily cause the trait

A

could always change in the environment, or gene may no longer even be a gene for that trait at all

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25
what is the difference in phenotype usually because of
genetic variation and growing up in different environments
26
what does selection + heritability =
evolution by natural selection
27
what does heritability depend on
The environment it was measured in
28
what is selection a function of
heritability, and therefore the environment
29
what are the forms fitness can have graphically and why is it important
linear bell-shaped multimodal need to know to predict response to selection
30
what is reproductive success
function of the probability of survival and the number of offspring
31
what is the ultimate trait that natural selection operates on
reproductive sucess
32
What is the y model for tradeoffs
somatic functions resource acquisition ---< reproductive functions
33
what does life history evolution consider
the context of the adaptations that lead to all the in the timing and packaging of reproducing
34
what is timing
allocations to growth, maintenance, and reproduction
35
what is packaging
number and size of offspring
36
what is linked to when an organism schedules reproduction
when its gonna die
37
what is aging/senescence
decline in late life of probability of survival and/or reproductive performance
38
what causes ageing
cell/tissue damage
39
what are the two theories of why aging exists even if it opposes natural selection
rate of living theory | evolutionary theory
40
what is the rate of living theory
greater an organism's rate of oxygen basal metabolism, the shorter its life span
41
what its evolutionary theory
trade offs and weak selection net effects of traits on fitness decline with age (since its after age people have reproduced)
42
what does living theory predict about energy expenditure and is it true
predict uniform expenditure observed patterns disagree (highly variable)
43
what are telomeres
repetitive DNA sequences at tips of chromosomes that prevent chromosomes from sticking together during replication are partially lost each cell cycle
44
how many mitotic divisions until telomeres are lost (assuming no repairs by telomerase)
125
45
what do telomeres limit
number of times a cell can divide
46
what is extrinsic mortality
sum of effects of external factors such as sunlight and pollutants that contribute to aging and eventually death
47
how does the extrinsic mortality effect the monotonic decrease in N through time
greater the extrinsic mortality the stronger the monotonic decrease
48
what are the two possible pathways of the net effect of traits on fitness decline with age suggested by the evolutionary theory of aging
``` mutation accumulation (MA) antagonistic pleiotropy (AP) ```
49
what is mutation accumulation
accumulation of all alleles with late-acting deleterious effects due to the weakening of selection later in life
50
what is antagonistic pleiotropy
trade off between early and late life fitness | traits that increase s early in life, reduce s later on
51
what should hold for both mutation accumulation and antagonistic pleiotropy
low adult death rates associated with low rates of aging high adult death rates should be associated with high rates of aging
52
why do populations with less predation live longer
no predation but also they age slower and invest less in first litter since there is a very good chance they will be able to reproduce again
53
what is aging a function of usually
extrinsic mortality
54
what is the reappraisal of classic theory
condition dependent selection leads to higher mortality (stronger selection) which leads to evolution of more robust organisms
55
what is condition dependent selection
non random death probability of dying is dependent on your physiological shape
56
what does high condition dependence mortality lead to
slower aging and increased lifespan
57
what does aging (and first age of reproduction) depend on
rate of mortality and whether death is random or condition dependent
58
why do birds and tree mammals live longer than land mammals of same size
since they fly/are in trees their is less predation so they are less likely to die (lower extrinsic mortality rate) so natural selection selects for living longer
59
what is the y model for allocation
one branch for maintenance | other for growth
60
why is there a tradeoff between maintenance and growth
if you grow fast you aren't devoting a lot to maintenance since it takes a lot of resources
61
what do higher growth rates result in
shorter lives
62
what are the life history trade offs
maintenance reproduction growth
63
is the lifespan of an organism an adaptive and maximized fitness
yes
64
does extrinsic mortality affect the evolution of aging
yes

Evolution (8 decks)

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