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Evolution > 5th quiz > Flashcards

5th quiz Flashcards

1
Q

what does heritability give us

A

the breeders equation

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2
Q

what is the breeders equation

A

R = h^2 * s

r= response to selection

h^2= heritability

s is strength of selection

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3
Q

what determines the evolution of a trait

A

heritability combined with the strength of selection

breeders equation

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4
Q

what is big S

A

selection differential

S=P*- p(mean)\

P* = mean of selection group
P hat = mean of total population

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5
Q

what is R

A

response to selection

R = O* - O hat

O* = mean of offspring

O hat = mean of offspring of entire parental generation

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6
Q

when is there a big response to selection

A

when selection is strong and heritability is high

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7
Q

what do quantitative genetics allow us to predict

A

evolutionary change

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8
Q

what assumptions are made when calculating heritability

A

no environmental covariation of parents and offspring (if u put families in different environments you’ll get different phenotypic outcomes)

that Va and Ve dont interact

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9
Q

what is one way to control for common environmental effects

A

cross fostering experiments

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10
Q

how do you separate Vg and Ve

A

control for genes (see how much phenotypic variation is due to environment when genotype is held constant)

control for environment (see how much phenotypic variation is due to genotype when environment is held constant)

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11
Q

what are monozygotic twins

A

essentially clones

shared uterus

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12
Q

why are monozygotic twins used to estimate heritability and what is the issue with it

A

since they should have same Vg , differences should be due to Ve

issue is since they shared a uterus they share some Ve

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13
Q

how does the issue with monozygotic twins in heritability studies skew the results

A

heritability estimates are biased high

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14
Q

what is the critical assumption for breeders equation

A

genotypes and environments act independently

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15
Q

when are G and E additive

A

when they are both increasing

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16
Q

are genotype by environment interactions common

A

yes

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17
Q

when are G x E interactions exhibited

A

when different genotypes have different plastic responses to different environments

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18
Q

is heritability in the lab = heritability in the wild

A

no

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19
Q

what do GxE interactions and environment- specific heritability reduce our ability to predict? why?

A

reduces ability to predict response to selection in different environments

since heritability is always population-specific and does’t imply genetic determinism

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20
Q

what is genetic determinism

A

belief that behaviour is directly controlled by genes

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21
Q

why can selection sometimes be non-intuitive

A

when selection acts on several correlated traits

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22
Q

what can artificial selection produce in very few generations

A

a mean phenotype that is 4x the original maximum

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23
Q

what does a gene “for” mean

A

that allele variation in the gene is associated with variation in the trait in one or more populations at one or more times

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24
Q

why do genes not necessarily cause the trait

A

could always change in the environment, or gene may no longer even be a gene for that trait at all

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25
Q

what is the difference in phenotype usually because of

A

genetic variation and growing up in different environments

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26
Q

what does selection + heritability =

A

evolution by natural selection

27
Q

what does heritability depend on

A

The environment it was measured in

28
Q

what is selection a function of

A

heritability, and therefore the environment

29
Q

what are the forms fitness can have graphically and why is it important

A

linear
bell-shaped
multimodal

need to know to predict response to selection

30
Q

what is reproductive success

A

function of the probability of survival and the number of offspring

31
Q

what is the ultimate trait that natural selection operates on

A

reproductive sucess

32
Q

What is the y model for tradeoffs

A

somatic functions
resource acquisition —<
reproductive
functions

33
Q

what does life history evolution consider

A

the context of the adaptations that lead to all the in the timing and packaging of reproducing

34
Q

what is timing

A

allocations to growth, maintenance, and reproduction

35
Q

what is packaging

A

number and size of offspring

36
Q

what is linked to when an organism schedules reproduction

A

when its gonna die

37
Q

what is aging/senescence

A

decline in late life of probability of survival and/or reproductive performance

38
Q

what causes ageing

A

cell/tissue damage

39
Q

what are the two theories of why aging exists even if it opposes natural selection

A

rate of living theory

evolutionary theory

40
Q

what is the rate of living theory

A

greater an organism’s rate of oxygen basal metabolism, the shorter its life span

41
Q

what its evolutionary theory

A

trade offs and weak selection

net effects of traits on fitness decline with age (since its after age people have reproduced)

42
Q

what does living theory predict about energy expenditure and is it true

A

predict uniform expenditure

observed patterns disagree (highly variable)

43
Q

what are telomeres

A

repetitive DNA sequences at tips of chromosomes that prevent chromosomes from sticking together during replication

are partially lost each cell cycle

44
Q

how many mitotic divisions until telomeres are lost (assuming no repairs by telomerase)

A

125

45
Q

what do telomeres limit

A

number of times a cell can divide

46
Q

what is extrinsic mortality

A

sum of effects of external factors such as sunlight and pollutants that contribute to aging and eventually death

47
Q

how does the extrinsic mortality effect the monotonic decrease in N through time

A

greater the extrinsic mortality the stronger the monotonic decrease

48
Q

what are the two possible pathways of the net effect of traits on fitness decline with age suggested by the evolutionary theory of aging

A 
mutation accumulation (MA)
antagonistic pleiotropy (AP)
49
Q

what is mutation accumulation

A

accumulation of all alleles with late-acting deleterious effects due to the weakening of selection later in life

50
Q

what is antagonistic pleiotropy

A

trade off between early and late life fitness

traits that increase s early in life, reduce s later on

51
Q

what should hold for both mutation accumulation and antagonistic pleiotropy

A

low adult death rates associated with low rates of aging

high adult death rates should be associated with high rates of aging

52
Q

why do populations with less predation live longer

A

no predation

but also

they age slower and invest less in first litter since there is a very good chance they will be able to reproduce again

53
Q

what is aging a function of usually

A

extrinsic mortality

54
Q

what is the reappraisal of classic theory

A

condition dependent selection leads to higher mortality (stronger selection) which leads to evolution of more robust organisms

55
Q

what is condition dependent selection

A

non random death

probability of dying is dependent on your physiological shape

56
Q

what does high condition dependence mortality lead to

A

slower aging and increased lifespan

57
Q

what does aging (and first age of reproduction) depend on

A

rate of mortality and whether death is random or condition dependent

58
Q

why do birds and tree mammals live longer than land mammals of same size

A

since they fly/are in trees their is less predation so they are less likely to die (lower extrinsic mortality rate) so natural selection selects for living longer

59
Q

what is the y model for allocation

A

one branch for maintenance

other for growth

60
Q

why is there a tradeoff between maintenance and growth

A

if you grow fast you aren’t devoting a lot to maintenance since it takes a lot of resources

61
Q

what do higher growth rates result in

A

shorter lives

62
Q

what are the life history trade offs

A

maintenance
reproduction
growth

63
Q

is the lifespan of an organism an adaptive and maximized fitness

A

yes

64
Q

does extrinsic mortality affect the evolution of aging

A

yes

Evolution (8 decks)

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