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Evolution > midterm 2 > Flashcards

midterm 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what is reproductive success a function of

A

probability of survival and the number of offspring

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2
Q

what is lifetime reproductive success a function of

A

survival and reproduction

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3
Q

how strong is the selection on late acting deleterious mutant alleles

A

weak

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4
Q

why is the average sometimes less than the optimum

A

lifetime reproductive success

optimum allocation

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5
Q

what is fitness

A

the lifetime number of offspring that survive to reproduce

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6
Q

what does selection lead to if there is multiple bouts of reproduction

A

leads to individuals investing less than optimum amount of resources in each bout

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7
Q

what two trade offs together make optimal clutch size

A

the more offspring the smaller they are

the bigger the offspring the more likely they are to survive

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8
Q

in general, what is the selection for in regards for parents investing in either sex of their child

A

invest equally between sexes

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9
Q

what sex has more babies on average and what kind of selection is this

A

rarer sex

negative frequency selection

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10
Q

when does the generality that sexes are selected for equally fail

A

when differential investment has different payoffs between sexes

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11
Q

in red deers what sex do highly dominant females tend to have

A

males

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12
Q

why are there usually fewer males born on average in sexually selected mammals

A

males are bigger so more likely to die in utero

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13
Q

what is the Trivers-Willard hypothesis

A

suggest that parents who are in good condition will bias investment towards sons

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14
Q

why are sons more likely in good conditions, and daughters in poor conditions

A

hight quality males expected to reproduce more than high quality females

poor quality females expected to reproduce more than poor quality males

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15
Q

how does an individual achieve higher fitness

A

greater reproductive fitness (more offspring)
greater mating success (more mates)
more viable offspring
greater survival (live longer)

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16
Q

what is heterogamy

A

when males have smaller, cheaper, more motile gametes

females have bigger, more expensive, less motile gametes

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17
Q

what is a hermaphrodite

A

individuals capable of producing both eggs and sperm

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18
Q

what is isogamy

A

when gametes are all same size

no males and females

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19
Q

what are primary sexual characteristics

A

characteristics that are unique to one sex and essential for reproduction

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20
Q

what are secondary sex characteristics

A

characteristics that are unique to one sex that are not essential for reproduction

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21
Q

in sexual species what does selection act on

A

variation associated with investments in finding, attracting, and mating

for both males and females

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22
Q

what sex is more likely to have secondary sex characteristics

A

males

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23
Q

what are the two areas that sexes can differ in parental investment

A

gamete production

parental care

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24
Q

what sex has greater investment in gamete production

A

females

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25
Q

what is the investment in parental care involve

A

bearing and raising offspring

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26
Q

what limits females in regards to reproduction

A

resources

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27
Q

what limits males in regards to reproduction

A

access to females

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28
Q

what is Bateman’s principle

A

in most species variability in reproductive success in greater in males

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29
Q

according to bateman’s principle, what areas will males have greater variation

A

mate number
offspring number
correlation between mate number and offspring number

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30
Q

to the extent there is Vg, the scope of selection will be a function of what (bateman’s principle)

A

mate number
offspring number
correlation between mate number and offspring number

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31
Q

does the total number of mating differ between sexes

A

no

takes 2 to make offspring

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32
Q

why are sexes different

A

since selection acts on them differently on them

sexes evolve in different environments (different selection regimes) leading to different adaptations

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33
Q

what does competition between males for females lead to

A

sexual dimorphism

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34
Q

what is the level of dimorphism a good measure for

A

asymmetry between sexes in regards to investment in offspring

and variances in mating success

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35
Q

what is sexual dimorphism

A

the systematic difference in form between individuals of different sexes of the same species

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36
Q

how can asymmetries predict dimorphism

A

when sexes have similar amounts of care (both high/low) little dimorphism

when sexes have different amounts of care done by each sex (one low one high) one that does less will have dimorphism (often males)

37
Q

what is sexually antagonistic selection

A

when males and females have different optima for their traits

one would benefit for selection of a trait that the other would suffer for

38
Q

how are sexual selection and sexually antagonistic selection similar

A

both select for an individuals optimum trait

39
Q

how do sexual selection and sexually antagonistic selection differ

A

sexual selection models argues for benefit of one sex, and ignores the fitness of opposite sex

sexually antagonist selection models argue that net cost to one benefits other

40
Q

when does sexual antagonistic coevolution occur

A

when selection favours different outcomes in males vs females

41
Q

what does sexually antagonistic coevolution lead to

A

arms race between sexes which gives rise to adaptation and counter evolution

42
Q

how are sexual conflicts resolved

A

sex limited gene expression

selection favouring different values for a phenotypic traits between males and females

43
Q

where are 97% of sexually antagonistic effects found

A

X chromosome

44
Q

what is evidence for resolved sexual antagonistic selection and why

A

sexual dimorphism

since most of genome is shared

45
Q

what happens as a result of the asymmetric limits to reproductive success

A

sexes will use different strategies to maximize reproductive success

46
Q

what are the two models of sexual competition

A

intersexual selection

intrasexual selection

47
Q

what is intersexual selection

A

females
male-female = female choice

females can afford to be choosey

48
Q

what is intrasexual selection

A

male-male = competition

compete for females

49
Q

what are the forms of intrasexual selection

A

predating competition (combat, contests, etc..)
postulating/prezygotic competition (spem competition)
post zygotic competition (infanticide)

50
Q

when would prezygotic competition be good

A

if female has multiple mates, sperm may compete for access to egg, or males guard/sequester females or scoop out other male’s sperm, or block hole

51
Q

why are females choosey

A

direct benefits: chooses a male who will maximize her reproductive fitness (#of offspring she’ll have)

Indirect benefits : female chooses male who will maximize her offsprings’ reproductive success (more grandkids)

52
Q

What are the methods that indirect benefits can happen through

A

good genes hypothesis

sexy sons

53
Q

what is the good genes hypothesis

A

the traits that a female chooses when selecting a male are honest indicators of the male’s ability to pass on genes that would improve the offsprings’ fitness

54
Q

what is cryptic female choice

A

when in some species the female cannot choose who to mate with so the choice happens post-mating via sperm rejection/ejection

55
Q

what is the sexy sons (runaway sexual selection) hypothesis

A

female preference drives selection for an exaggerated trait, that doesn’t increase survival, growth, or fecundity, but does increase ability to attract a female

56
Q

what are the loose ends of good genes and the sexy sons hypotheses

A

sensory bias
sex role reversal
male choice
purging

57
Q

what do the good genes and sexy sons hypotheses explain

A

why a female might choose a male based on a trait that provides no direct benefit

58
Q

what is sensory bias and exploitation

A

females have extrinsic preferences for certain cues that have evolved through natural selection

males may try and take advantage of their affinity towards these traits

59
Q

what cycle is sensory exploitation part of

A

sexually antagonistic selection

60
Q

what is sex role reversal

A

in some species males are limited by resources, and females in access to males

61
Q

what can high variance in male mating success lead to

A

small effective population sizes = drift

as well as genetic purging

62
Q

what is a monomorphic species

A

when males and females of a species look the same

63
Q

why can it be hard to draw a line between sexual and natural selection

A

they can overlap

64
Q

what does sexual selection interact with

A

life history traits

65
Q

why do we use theoretical modelling to decide if these hypotheses make sense

A

since these concepts are very hard ti observe in the real world

66
Q

what is is called when both the actor and recipient benefit

A

mutual benefit

67
Q

what is it called when the actor benefits at the expense of the recipient

A

selfishness

68
Q

what is it called when the recipient benefits at the expense of the actor

A

altruism

69
Q

what is it called when neither the actor or the recipient benefit

A

spite

70
Q

what is group selection and does it actually work that way

A

the needs/interests of a group can select for an altruistic allele to increase in frequency

no

71
Q

what is kin selection

A

type of natural selection that considers the roles relatives play when evaluating the genetic fitness of an individual

72
Q

what is inclusive fitness

A

individual fitness + fitness of close relatives

73
Q

how do you calculate coefficient of relatedness

A
  1. trace all paths from actor to recipient
  2. calculate probability of each link
  3. multiply the probabilities of a single path
  4. add path probabilities together
74
Q

what behaviours must be met for kin selection to happen

A
  • individuals in population vary in behaviour
  • behaviour is heritable
  • behaviour enhances fitness of relatives
75
Q

what is Hamiltons rule

A

a costly behaviour will increase in a population if rB > C

76
Q

what must happen for an altruistic trait to increase in frequency

A

increases an individual’s inclusive fitness

77
Q

what is eusociality

A

overlapping adult generations in which non-reproductive individuals participate in the cooperative care of young

78
Q

what two things are associated with eusociality

A

haplodiploidy - sisters are more closley related than offspring or anyone else (r=0.75)

ecology and life history- usually in groups in complex nests where adults provide extended care for the young

79
Q

what is a green beard effect

A

when an altruistic allele also causes a visible trait allowing others with this trait to recognize them and behave altruistically towards them

80
Q

what should happen for a green beard population to sustain itself , why

A

polychromatic green beards

needed to void cheating and fixation that would erode the selective benefit of the signal

81
Q

How can the evolution of costly behaviours in small closely related groups usually be explained

A

kin selection

82
Q

How can the evolution of costly behaviours in less closely related groups usually be explained

A

reciprocal altruism

83
Q

in what populations is reciprocal altruism most common

A

long living social organisms with good memories

84
Q

when is altruism favoured

A

when B is large and C is small

85
Q

when should investment stop

A

when B < C

B/C < 1

86
Q

why is there parent offspring conflict

A

mom reaches B/C = 1 before offspring

87
Q

what causes the conflict between siblings

A

competition for parental resources

88
Q

explain spite

A

anti green beard

if recipient definitely doesn’t have the altruistic allele, then cost to actor can be outweighed by benefit to others with altruistic allele

89
Q

what is evolutionary game theory

A

alleles for generous tit-for-tat strategies

Evolution (8 decks)

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