Third Exam Topics Flashcards
As prey species evolves ways to avoid being caught, predator evolves ore effective ways to capture prey
Function to preserve “smarter” more evasive prey
Produce “smarter” more skilled prey
Coevolution
Competitive interaction
Species precludes establishment of another
Preemption
Natural selection favors “efficient” foragers to maximize energy for nutrient uptake per unit effort
What us good to eat
How long to search before there is no payoff
Search tactic
Optimal foraging theory
Examples include worm eating warblers and ovenbirds
Interior species
How can species coexist?
Limited by different resources
Limited by non unusable resources
Spatial and temporal variation in resources
Competition for multiple resources
Resources partitioning (character displacement)
Niche 1927
Emphasized species role in environment
What it does and relationship to food
Charles Elton
All time allocated to feeding is spent searching
Examples include passive predators such as spiders and filter feeders
Type I
What are three types of landscape?
Patchy
Mosaic
Dynamic
Immigration into high density
Numerical response
Aggregation response
Subject to successional change over time
Most fall in this category
Induced habitat edge
Name the six prey defenses
Mimickery Chemical Aposomatic Broken wing display Armour Group travel
Competitive interaction
One species inhibits another by taking resources
Consumption
Niche 1914
A species’ “place” in environment
Set of environmental conditions that meet a species life history requirements
Joseph Grinnel
What goes of species like edges?
Shade intolerant plants
Foraging birds
Examples included ruffed grouss and indigo bunting
Blend elements from adjacent patches to create unique habitats
Results from length, width, height, degree of contrast
Edge effects
Niche 1971
Distinction between an organism’s address (habitat) and it’s profession (niche)
Gene Odum
Niche 1957
N dimensional hypervolume
G. Evelyn Hutchinson
What are the two parts of n dimensional hypervolume?
Fundamental niche (potential) Realized niche (actual)
Large habitat patch and breaks into smaller pieces
Sometimes associated with habitat loss
Fragmented
What are the requirements for a type three.
Availability of cover for prey
Search image
Prey switching
List predation tactics
Ambush Stalking Persuit hunting Camouflage Mimicry Chemicals
Predicts time an individual should stay in patch before seeking another
Marginal value theorem
What influences a species’ length of stay?
Density
Travel time
Time required to extract resource
1970-1972
Individuals assess habitat quality
Individuals are free to make choice to select high quality patches
Fretarel and Lucas
Competitive interaction
Chemical growth inhibitors released to kill or inhibit other species
Chemical interaction
1930s
Principles of competitive exclusion
Bacteria grown together and separate
Gause
Competition models
Interspecific competition
Lotka-volterra
1981
Can coexist if limited by different resources
Silicate reduced by synedra to point where asterionella dies out
Cyclotella can use low silicon, limited by phosphorous
Asterionella can use low phosphorous, limited by silicon
Tilman
Edges that are stable and permanent
Inherent habitat edge
Competitive interaction
No territorial meetings between individuals negatively affecting one or both participant species
Scavengers and carcasses
Encounter
Competitive interaction
Individual grows over another and inhibits access to resources
With or without physical contact
Taller plants shading shorter plants
Overgrowth
Adjust search time for effort spent handling prey
Most common predators
Example weasels
Type II
Low energy
Low success
Ambush hunting
Ts longer
Quick persuit time
Stalking
Ts minimal
Longer time to catch prey
Persuit hunting
Competitive interaction
Behavioral exclusion from space defended as territory
Territorial
Name two edge species
Greg catbird
American robin
What do patches result from?
Geology Topography Soils Climate / microclimate Fine Grazing Historical land surveys Human activity
