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Ecology > Third Exam Topics > Flashcards

Third Exam Topics Flashcards

0
Q

As prey species evolves ways to avoid being caught, predator evolves ore effective ways to capture prey
Function to preserve “smarter” more evasive prey
Produce “smarter” more skilled prey

A

Coevolution

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1
Q

Competitive interaction

Species precludes establishment of another

A

Preemption

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2
Q

Natural selection favors “efficient” foragers to maximize energy for nutrient uptake per unit effort
What us good to eat
How long to search before there is no payoff
Search tactic

A

Optimal foraging theory

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3
Q

Examples include worm eating warblers and ovenbirds

A

Interior species

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4
Q

How can species coexist?

A

Limited by different resources
Limited by non unusable resources
Spatial and temporal variation in resources
Competition for multiple resources
Resources partitioning (character displacement)

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5
Q

Niche 1927
Emphasized species role in environment
What it does and relationship to food

A

Charles Elton

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6
Q

All time allocated to feeding is spent searching

Examples include passive predators such as spiders and filter feeders

A

Type I

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7
Q

What are three types of landscape?

A

Patchy
Mosaic
Dynamic

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8
Q

Immigration into high density

Numerical response

A

Aggregation response

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9
Q

Subject to successional change over time

Most fall in this category

A

Induced habitat edge

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10
Q

Name the six prey defenses

A 
Mimickery
Chemical
Aposomatic
Broken wing display
Armour
Group travel
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11
Q

Competitive interaction

One species inhibits another by taking resources

A

Consumption

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12
Q

Niche 1914
A species’ “place” in environment
Set of environmental conditions that meet a species life history requirements

A

Joseph Grinnel

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13
Q

What goes of species like edges?

A

Shade intolerant plants
Foraging birds
Examples included ruffed grouss and indigo bunting

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14
Q

Blend elements from adjacent patches to create unique habitats
Results from length, width, height, degree of contrast

A

Edge effects

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15
Q

Niche 1971

Distinction between an organism’s address (habitat) and it’s profession (niche)

A

Gene Odum

16
Q

Niche 1957

N dimensional hypervolume

A

G. Evelyn Hutchinson

17
Q

What are the two parts of n dimensional hypervolume?

A 
Fundamental niche (potential)
Realized niche (actual)
18
Q

Large habitat patch and breaks into smaller pieces

Sometimes associated with habitat loss

A

Fragmented

19
Q

What are the requirements for a type three.

A

Availability of cover for prey
Search image
Prey switching

20
Q

List predation tactics

A 
Ambush
Stalking
Persuit hunting
Camouflage
Mimicry
Chemicals
21
Q

Predicts time an individual should stay in patch before seeking another

A

Marginal value theorem

22
Q

What influences a species’ length of stay?

A

Density
Travel time
Time required to extract resource

23
Q

1970-1972
Individuals assess habitat quality
Individuals are free to make choice to select high quality patches

A

Fretarel and Lucas

24
Q

Competitive interaction

Chemical growth inhibitors released to kill or inhibit other species

A

Chemical interaction

25
Q

1930s
Principles of competitive exclusion
Bacteria grown together and separate

A

Gause

26
Q

Competition models

Interspecific competition

A

Lotka-volterra

27
Q

1981
Can coexist if limited by different resources
Silicate reduced by synedra to point where asterionella dies out
Cyclotella can use low silicon, limited by phosphorous
Asterionella can use low phosphorous, limited by silicon

A

Tilman

28
Q

Edges that are stable and permanent

A

Inherent habitat edge

29
Q

Competitive interaction
No territorial meetings between individuals negatively affecting one or both participant species
Scavengers and carcasses

A

Encounter

30
Q

Competitive interaction
Individual grows over another and inhibits access to resources
With or without physical contact
Taller plants shading shorter plants

A

Overgrowth

31
Q

Adjust search time for effort spent handling prey
Most common predators
Example weasels

A

Type II

32
Q

Low energy

Low success

A

Ambush hunting

33
Q

Ts longer

Quick persuit time

A

Stalking

34
Q

Ts minimal

Longer time to catch prey

A

Persuit hunting

35
Q

Competitive interaction

Behavioral exclusion from space defended as territory

A

Territorial

36
Q

Name two edge species

A

Greg catbird

American robin

37
Q

What do patches result from?

A 
Geology
Topography
Soils
Climate / microclimate 
Fine
Grazing
Historical land surveys
Human activity

Ecology (11 decks)

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