Thinking, Language & Intelligence

Question 0

Mental images

Answer 0

Mental representation of a previously stored sensory experience (includes all senses… Ie. visualizing a train and hearing its whistle)

Question 1

Cognition

Answer 1

Mental activities involved in acquiring, storing, retrieving, and using knowledge

Question 2

Concept

Answer 2

Mental representation of a group or category that shares similar characteristics (ie. ocean… Pacific, atlantic, etc.)

Question 3

Prototype

Answer 3

Representation of the “best” or “typical” example of a category (ex. Baseball is a prototype for sports)

Question 4

Algorithm

Answer 4

A set if steps that, if followed correctly, will solve the problem

Question 5

Heuristic

Answer 5

Strategies or simple rules used in problem solving/decision-making that don’t guarantee a solution but offer a likely shortcut to it

Question 6

Mental set

Answer 6

Persisting in using problem-solving strategies that have worked in the past rather than trying new ones

Question 7

Functional fixedness

Answer 7

Tendency to think of an object functioning in only its usual way

Question 8

Confirmation bias

Answer 8

Tendency to seek out and pay attention only to information that confirms pre-existing beliefs while ignoring/discounting contradictory evidence

Question 9

Availability heuristic

Answer 9

Judging the likelihood/probability of events based on how readily available other instances are in our mind (ie. believing there’s a high probability of a terrorist attack right after 9/11 happens)

Question 10

Representative heuristic

Answer 10

Estimating the probability of something based on how well the circumstances match our previous prototype (ie. assuming that because someone is really tall, they’re probably a basketball player)

Question 11

Creativity

Answer 11

The ability to produce valued outcomes in a novel way

Question 12

Divergent thinking

Answer 12

Thinking that produces many alternatives or ideas… A major element of creativity

Question 13

Convergent thinking

Answer 13

Narrowing down a list of alternatives to converge on a single correct answer

Question 14

Phoneme

Answer 14

Smallest basic unit of speech or sound (ex. Hissing to pronounce s)

Question 15

Morpheme

Answer 15

Smallest meaningful units of language, formed by a combination of phonemes
(Ex. Small words, prefixes & suffixes)

Question 16

Grammar

Answer 16

Rules that specify how phonemes, words and phrases should be combined to express thoughts

Question 17

Syntax

Answer 17

Grammatical rules that specify how words and phrases should be arranged in a sentence to convey meaning

Question 18

Semantics

Answer 18

Meaning, or the study of meaning, derived from words and word combos

Question 19

Cooing

Answer 19

Vowel-like sounds infants make around 2-3 months old

Question 20

Babbling

Answer 20

Vowel/consonant combos at around 4-6 months

Question 21

Overextension

Answer 21

Overly broad use of a word to include objects that don’t fit into the words meaning (calling all men daddy)

Question 22

Telegraphic speech

Answer 22

2-3 word sentences of young children that contain only the most necessary words

Question 23

Over generalize

Answer 23

Applying the basic rules of grammar even to cases that are exceptions to the rule (mans instead of men)

Question 24

Language acquisition device

Answer 24

Innate mechanism that enables a child to analyze language and extract basic rules of grammar

Question 25

Intelligence

Answer 25

General capacity to profit from experience, acquire knowledge, and adapt to changes in the environment

Question 26

Fluid intelligence

Answer 26

Aspects of innate intelligence, including reasoning abilities, memory, etc. that are independent of education and decline as people age (like remembering a list)

Question 27

Crystallized intelligence

Answer 27

Knowledge and skills gained through experience and education that increase over lifespan

Question 28

Standardization

Answer 28

Establishing the norms and uniform procedures for giving and scoring a test

Question 29

Reliability

Answer 29

A measure of consistency and stability of test scores when the test is readministered

Question 30

Validity

Answer 30

Ability of the test to measure what it is designed to measure

Question 31

Intelligence quotient

Answer 31

A subjects mental age divided by chronological age and multiplied by 100

Question 32

Stereotype threat

Answer 32

A person experiences doubt about his/her performance due to negative stereotypes about his/her group’s abilities