Development

Question 0

Maturation

Answer 0

Development governed by automatic, genetically predetermined signals

Question 1

Developmental psychology

Answer 1

The study of she related changes in behaviour and mental processes from conception to death

Question 2

Critical period

Answer 2

A period of special sensitivity to specific types of learning that shapes the capacity for future development

Question 3

Cross-sectional method

Answer 3

Research design that measures individuals of various ages at one point in time and gives information about age differences

Question 4

Longitudinal method

Answer 4

Research design that measures a single individual or group of individuals over an extended period and gives information about age changes

Question 5

Germinal period

Answer 5

First stage of prenatal development that begins with conception and ends with implantation in the uterus (first 2 weeks)

Question 6

Embryonic period

Answer 6

Second stage of prenatal development that begins after uterine implantation and lasts through the eighth week

Question 7

Fetal period

Answer 7

The third and final stage of prenatal development (8 weeks till birth), characterized by rapid weight gain in the fetus and the fine detailing of body organs and systems

Question 8

Teratogen

Answer 8

Environmental agent that causes damage during prenatal development…Teras means malformation

Question 9

Fetal alcohol syndrome

Answer 9

Combination of birth defects, including organ deformities and mental, motor, and growth retardation that results from maternal alcohol abuse

Question 10

Puberty

Answer 10

Biological changes during adolescence that lead to an adult-sized body and sexual maturity

Question 11

Ageism

Answer 11

Prejudice or discrimination against an individual based on physical age

Question 12

Attachment

Answer 12

A strong affectional bond with special others that endures over time

Question 13

Imprinting

Answer 13

An innate form of learning within a critical period that involves attachment to the first large moving object seen

Question 14

Levels of attachment

Answer 14

• securely attached (happy when mom is there, cries when she leaves)
• avoidant (treats mom like a stranger, isn’t upset when she leaves)
• anxious/ambivalent (upset when mom leaves, then gets very close and then suddenly squirms to get away upon her return)

Question 15

Parenting styles

Answer 15

• permissive (includes permissive-indifferent and permissive-involved): places few limits/controls on child
• authoritarian: rigid and punitive
• authoritative: tender and caring, but enforce firm limits

Question 16

Criticisms of Baumrinds findings

Answer 16

• child temperament
• child expectations
• parental warmth

Question 17

Schema

Answer 17

Cognitive structure or patterns consisting of a number of organized ideas that grow and differentiate with experience

Question 18

Assimilation

Answer 18

Piagets theory of absorbing new information into existing schemas

Question 19

Accommodation

Answer 19

Piaget’s theory of adjusting old schemas or developing new ones to better fit with new information

Question 20

Sensorimotor stage

Answer 20

Piaget’s first stage (birth-2 years) in which schemas are developed through sensory and motor activities

Question 21

Object permanence

Answer 21

An infants understanding that objects or people continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, heard, or touched directly

Question 22

Preoperational stage

Answer 22

Second stage (2-7 years) characterized by the ability to employ significant language and to think symbolically, but the child lacks operations (reversible mental processes) and thinking is egocentric and animistic

Question 23

Egocentrism

Answer 23

The inability to consider another’s point of view, hallmark of Preoperational stage

Question 24

Animistic thinking

Answer 24

Believing that objects have motives, feelings, and intentions

Question 25

Concrete operational stage

Answer 25

Third stage (7-11 years) where child can perform mental operations on concrete objects and understand reversibility and conservation, but abstract thinking is not yet present

Question 26

Conservation

Answer 26

Understanding that certain physical characteristics (such as volume) remain unchanged, even when their outward appearance changes

Question 27

Formal operational stage

Answer 27

Fourth stage (around 11 years), characterized by abstract and hypothetical thinking

Question 28

Personal fable

Answer 28

As a result of egocentrism, teenagers may conclude that they alone are going through difficulties and that nobody else can understand

Question 29

Imaginary audience

Answer 29

Adolescents picture all eyes focused on their behaviour, explaining self-consciousness