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Psychology > Thinking, Language, & Intelligence > Flashcards

Thinking, Language, & Intelligence Flashcards

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1
Q

What is cognition?

A

Mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

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2
Q

What’s a prototype?

A

A mental image or best example of categories, matching new items to this provides quick and easy method for sorting into categories

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3
Q

What is an algorithm?

A

Methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem; slower, but less error-prone than heuristics

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4
Q

What are heuristics?

A

Simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently; faster, but more error-prone than algorithms

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5
Q

What is confirmation bias?

A

tendency to search for into that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence

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6
Q

What is a mental set?

A

tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past

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7
Q

What is an availability heuristic?

A

Estimating the likelihood of events based on availability in memory
Ex: If instances come readily to mind, we presume such events are common

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8
Q

What is framing?

A

A way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgements

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9
Q

What is a phoneme?

A

The smallest, distinctive sound unit

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10
Q

What is a morpheme?

A

Smallest unit that carries meaning (word or part of a word)

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11
Q

What is receptive language?

A

The ability of babies to understand what is said to and about them

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12
Q

What is productive language and what are the four stages of it?

A

The ability to produce words;

babbling stage, one-word stage, two-word stage, and telegraphic-speech

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13
Q

What is an aphasia?

A

impairment of language, usually caused by left-hemisphere damage either to Broca’s area or Wernicke’s area

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14
Q

What is Broca’s area?

A

controls language expression (directs muscle movements in speech) in left-hemisphere frontal lobe

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15
Q

What’s Wernicke’s area?

A

controls language reception (comprehension and expression) in left temporal lobe

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16
Q

What is linguistic determinism?

A

Whorf’s hypothesis that language determines the way the think; theory that says we cannot think about things without words to describe them

17
Q

Who developed IQ?

A

William Stern

18
Q

What is general intelligence?

A

underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test

19
Q

What is savant syndrome?

A

condition in which a person has limited mental ability, but has an exceptional specific skill (computation, drawing, piano, etc)

20
Q

What are the 3 Sternburg intelligences?

A

Analytic intelligence, creative intelligence, and practical intelligence

21
Q

What does an achievement test measure?

A

Something already learned (literary, driving tests, final in psych)

22
Q

What does an aptitude test do?

A

Attempt to predict ability to learn new skills (SAT, ACT, GRE tests)

23
Q

What 2 tests did Wechsler create and what do they measure?

A

WAIS (Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale) and WISC (Wechsler Scale for Children) which measure general intelligence

24
Q

What kind of IQ challenges are on Wechsler’s tests?

A

describing similarities and differences, timed math problems, arranging blocks to produce design, re-sequencing and recall of letters and numbers

25
Q

What are the 5 components of creativity?

A
  • Expertise: well-developed base of knowledge
  • Imaginative thinking skills: ability to see things in novel ways
  • Venturesome personality
  • Intrinsic motivation
  • A creative environment
26
Q

What is emotional intelligence?

A

The ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions

27
Q

What is mental age?

A

Measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet that decides the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance

28
Q

What are the 3 principals to test construction?

A

standardization, reliability, and validity

29
Q

What is standardization?

A

Generated raw score based on number of correct answers, capable of comparing one score to general population

30
Q

What is reliability?

A

When a test generates consistent results

31
Q

What is validity?

A

When a test accurately measures what it is testing

32
Q

What’s the stereotype threat?

A

The fear that one’s behavior will confirm an existing stereotype of a group with which one identifies, and can lead to poor performance

Psychology (6 decks)

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