Thinking/Intelligence

Question 1

Luchins water-jar problem

Answer 1

Used to understand problem solving process

Users develop a mental set and that is challenged in a later question

Question 2

Mental Set

Answer 2

tendency to keep repeating solutions that worked in other situations. Past experience affects the strategies we use to solve problems. Inappropriate sets can be impediments to effective problem solving

Question 3

Base-rate fallacy

Answer 3

Using prototypical or stereotypical factors rather than actual numerical information

Question 4

g

Answer 4

Spearman suggested individual differences in intelligence are largely due to variations in general factor g
the idea that one general factor underlies all mental abilities

Question 5

primary mental abilities

Answer 5

verbal comprehension
number ability
perceptual speed
general reasoning

Question 6

s

Answer 6

individual subscale score of intelligence. very specific

Question 7

Triarchich theory

Answer 7

componential (test perfromance)
experiential (creativity)
contextual (street smart)

Question 8

Theory of multiple intelligences

Answer 8

linguistic
logical-mathematical
spatial
musical
bodily-kinesthetic
interpersonal
intrapersonal
Gardner

Question 9

analogical representation

Answer 9

a mental representation that has some of the physical characteristics of an object; it is analogous to the object

Question 10

symbolic representation

Answer 10

An abstract mental representation that does not correspond to the physical features of an object or idea (like a word or chinese character)

Question 11

catergorization

Answer 11

we group objects into categories according ot the objects’ shared properties

Question 12

concept

Answer 12

a mental representation that groups or categories objects, events, or relations around common themes

Question 13

Defining Attribute Model

Answer 13

Concepts are organized hierarchically, such that they can be superordinate or subordinate to each other

Question 14

Prototype Model

Answer 14

some items are more representative of the category than others

Question 15

Exemplar Model

Answer 15

Information stored about the members of a category is used to determine category membership

Question 16

Schema

Answer 16

A way to perceive, organize, and process information

Question 17

reasoning

Answer 17

using information to determine if a conclusion is valid or unreasonable

Question 18

decision making

Answer 18

attempting to select the best alternative among several options

Question 19

problem solving

Answer 19

finding a way around an obstacle to reach a goal

Question 20

deductive reasoning

Answer 20

using a belief or rule to determine if a conclusion is valid, follows a logical rule

Question 21

inductive reasoning

Answer 21

using examples or instances to determine if a rule or conclusion is likely to be true

Question 22

normative models

Answer 22

thinks humans are optimal decision makers

Question 23

descriptive models

Answer 23

account for human tendency to misinterpret, be irrational when making decisions

Question 24

Expected utility model

Answer 24

normative model of decision making

we make decision by considering the possible alternatives and choosing the desirable one

Question 25

heuristic

Answer 25

shortcuts used to reduce the amount of thinking that is needed to move from an initial state to a goal state

Question 26

framing

Answer 26

the effect of presentation on how information is percieved

Question 27

Prospect theory

Answer 27

Kahneman and Tversky

a) the need to take into account people’s wealth in predicting their choices
b) the fact that because losses feel much worse than gains feel good, people try to avoid situations that involve losses (loss aversion)

Question 28

Loss aversion

Answer 28

losing is much worse than gaining is good

Question 29

Affective forecasting

Answer 29

prediction of one’s affect in the future
(feel better if you won bronze metal than silver)
people are not very accurate

Question 30

restructuring

Answer 30

a new way of thinking about a problem that aids its solution

Question 31

achievement tests

Answer 31

assess current levels of skill and knowledge

Question 32

aptitude tests

Answer 32

predict future potential

Question 33

Reification

Answer 33

tendency to think about complex traits as though they have a single cause and an objective reality

Question 34

gender differences in intelligence

Answer 34

females: better school grades, writing, language
males: better standardized test scores in math, visuospatial processing

Question 35

stereotype threat

Answer 35

apprehension about confirming negative stereotypes related to one’s own group