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GRE psychology Extras > Methods > Flashcards

Methods Flashcards

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1
Q

Operational Definitions

A

How the researcher defines the variables in the experiment so that the variables are measurable

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2
Q

Sample

A

subset of a population

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3
Q

Stratified random sampling

A

Each subgroup of the population is randomly sampled in proportion to its size

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4
Q

Counterbalancing

A

Fixes a problem for within-subjects design (like testing effect).
Switches the order of exposure of levels

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5
Q

Nonequivalent group design

A

the control and experimental groups are not necessarily similar because random assignment was not used
Ex: education research

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6
Q

What confound does double-blinding deal with?

A

Experimenter bias: experimenters might inadvertently treat groups of subjects differently due to their own expectations

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7
Q

Demand Characteristics

A

any cues that suggest to subjects what the researcher expects from them
Deception might help remedy this

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8
Q

External validity

A

How generalizable the results of the experiment are to the rest of the population

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9
Q

Types of Descriptive Statistics

A 
Frequency distribution
Central tendency: mean, median, mode
Variability/standard deviation
Distribution/percentiles/z-scores
Corrlations
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10
Q

z-score

A

standardizes across different distributions - how many SD your score is from the mean
** If every score in a distribution is converted to a z-score, the mean of the distribution = 0, and the SD=1.

score - mean
___________
SD

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11
Q

T-score

A

mean = 50, SD = 10

Test score interpretation

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12
Q

Skewed Distribution

A 
Positive = more lower numbers (mean pushed to the left)
Negative = more higher numbers (mean pushed to the right)
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13
Q

Alpha level

A

usually .05, .01, .001
criterion of significance
The probability of making a Type I error

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14
Q

Type I Error

A

Incorrectly rejecting the null hypothesis, your research hypothesis is actually wrong

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15
Q

Type II Error

A

Incorrectly rejecting your research hypothesis when it is actually right and accepting the null

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16
Q

Beta level

A

The probability of making a Type II error

17
Q

ANOVA/F ratio

A

between-group variance estimate/within-group variance estimate
lower F ratio = less of an effect

18
Q

Interaction

A

When the effects of one independent variable are not consistent for all levels of the other independent variables

19
Q

Norm-referenced testing

A

assessing performance of an individual in comparison to others
Ex: Percentiles - 90th means she performed as well or better than 90% of other test-takers
Problem: the population in comparison changes and the original standardization is no longer representative

20
Q

Domain-Referenced testing

A

aka criterion referenced testing
What does the test-taker know about a specified content domain
Ex: driver’s license test

21
Q

Reliability

A

dependable
reproducible
consistent

22
Q

Ways to test reliability

A

standard error of measurement (smaller is better)
test-retest method
alternate-form method
split-half reliability

23
Q

Types of validity

A

Translation validity
- content: measures what you want
- face: appears to measure what you want
Criterion validity
- concurrent: ability to distinguish between groups
- predictive: predicting performance
- cross: test criterion validity on a second sample
- construct: truth on conclusion
- convergent: is it similar to other similar measures?
- discriminant: performance is not correlated with other variables

24
Q

Ratio IQ

A

mental age/chronological age x 100

25
Q

Deviation IQ

A

Indicates how well a person performed on an IQ test relative to her/his same-age peers
Sanford-Binet Test

26
Q

Personality inventory

A

self-rating device usually consisting of 100-500 statements. Reliable but not valid

27
Q

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

A

550 statements, T/F/cannot say
10 clinical scales: MDD, schizo, masculine/feminine, careless, faking, misrepresenting, distorting intentionally or unintentionally
Help assessment of various clinical disorders

28
Q

California Psychological Inventory

A

Personality inventory that is based on the MMPI, used with normal populations 13+ (esp high school/college)
dominance, sociability, self-control, femininity

29
Q

Rorschach Inkblot Test

A

10 cards that a reproductions of inkblots
Presented in a specific order with specific instructions to describe that they remind the subject of. Interpretation is based on clinical experience

30
Q

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

A

Morgan and Murray
20 pictures depicting scenes with ambiguous meanings. Asked to tell a story about what is happening and provide and ending. No standardized scoring, qualitative only

31
Q

Blacky pictures

A

Projective test for children
12 cartoons with a dog (Blacky)
Each pictures is related to a stage of psychosexual development. tell stories

32
Q

Rotter Incomplete Sentences Blank

A

projective, sentence-completion test
40 sentence stems and need to complete them
fill them in with whatever is on their mind

33
Q

Barnum Effect

A

tendency of people to accept and approve of the interpretation of their personality that you give them. Psuedovalidation

34
Q

Interest testing

A

assess an individual’s interest in different lines of work
Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory
Uses Holland’s model of occupational themes (RIASEC): realistic, investigative, artistic, social, enterprising, conventional

35
Q

Observer Bias

A

systematic errors in observation that occur because of an observer’s expectations

36
Q

Third variable problem

A

When the experimenter cannot directly manipulate the independent variable and therefore cannot be confident that another, unmeasured variable in not the actual cause of differences in the dependent variable

37
Q

Selection Bias

A

When participants in different groups in an experiment differ systematically

38
Q

Reactivity

A

When the knowledge that one is being observed alters the behavior being observed

39
Q

Response Performance

A

reaction time,
response accuracy,
stimulus judgements
Ex: Stroop, Go No Go

GRE psychology Extras (8 decks)

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