Scientists Flashcards

Question

Dollard and Miller

Answer 1

Behaviorists Psychoanalytic concepts with a behaviorist framework Approach-avoidance conflicts

Answer 2

Trait theorist | Personality varied across: introversion-extroversion/stability-neuroticism

Answer 3

Psychodynamic People are motivated by security Three ways to relate to others: moving towards, moving away and moving against.

Answer 4

Psychodynamic disagreed with Freud about the libido Subconscious can be divided into personal and collective

Answer 5

Individual as a scientist

Answer 6

Object-relations

Answer 7

Object-relations

Answer 8

Phenomenological personality theorist | Field theory

Answer 9

Object-relations

Answer 10

Phenomenological personality theorist Hierarchy of needs Self-actualization

Answer 11

Need for achievement

Answer 12

Critic of trait theories of personality

Answer 13

Phenomenological personality theorist

Answer 14

Locus of control

Answer 15

Tried to relate somatotype (body type) to personality type

Answer 16

Behaviorist

Answer 17

Object-relations

Answer 18

Field-dependence and field-independence using rod and frame test

Answer 19

Identified part of brain primarily associated with producing spoken language: Broca's area

Answer 20

Studied autonomic nervous system Fight/flight Cannon-Bard theory of emotions

Answer 21

Simple learning behavior in sea snails (aplysia) is associated with changes in neurotransmission

Answer 22

James-Lange two factor theory of emotions

Answer 23

Loss of normal fear and rage reactions in normal resulting from damage to temporal lobes. Also studied the amygdala's role in emotions

Answer 24

Studied how brain damage leads to impairment in sensory, motor, and language function

Answer 25

Studied severe anterograde amnesia in HM

Answer 26

Demonstrated existence of pleasure center in the brain using self-stimulation studies in rats

Answer 27

Used electrodes and electrical stimulation techniques to map out different parts of the brain during surgery

Answer 28

Schachter-Singer two-factor theory of emotions

Answer 29

Inferred the existence of synapse

Answer 30

Functional difference between left and right cerebral hemispheres using split-brain studies

Answer 31

Identified part of the brain primarily associated with UNDERSTANDING spoken language: Wenicke's area

Answer 32

Traveling wave theory of pitch perception | Partially supported Helmholtz's place-resonance theory

Answer 33

List of depth cues

Answer 34

Filter theory of attention

Answer 35

Fechner's Law: relationship between intensity of the stimulus and the intensity of the sensation

Answer 36

Visual cliff apparatus - studied development of depth perception

Answer 37

Visual cues (esp texture gradients) that help us perceive depth

Answer 38

Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory of color vision | place-resonance theory of pitch perception

Answer 39

Opponent process theory of color vision

Answer 40

Feature detection in visual cortex and discovered simple, complex and hypercomplex cells

Answer 41

Isomorphism theory

Answer 42

Gate theory of pain

Answer 43

Stevens' law as an alternative of Fechner's law

Answer 44

ROC curve in signal detection theory

Answer 45

Volley theory of pitch perception in response to a criticism of the frequency theory of pitch perception

Answer 46

Yerkes-Dodson Law | Performance is best at intermediate levels of arousal

Answer 47

Developed intelligence test (Binet-Simon test) to study French schoolchildren Introduced the concept of mental age

Answer 48

Developed RIASEC model of occupational themes

Answer 49

Suggested that there were genetically based racial differences in IQ - criticized now

Answer 50

Developed the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) | projective test to measure personality

Answer 51

Developed the Rorschach inkblot test | projective test designed to measure personality

Answer 52

Developed a sentence completion test | projective test designed to measure personality

Answer 53

Developed the concept of ratio IQ

Answer 54

Developed the Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory | Used to assess interest in different lines of work

Answer 55

Revised the Binet-Simon test >> Stanford-Binet IQ test

Answer 56

Developed several intelligence tests to use with different ages (WPPSI, WISC, WAIS): verbal IQ, performance IQ and full-scale IQ

Answer 57

Gain-loss principle: an evaluation that changes will have more effect than an evaluation that remains constant

Answer 58

Conformity (people yield to group pressure even when not demanded to do so) Experiment that compared the length of lines

Answer 59

Doll preferences in African-American children

Answer 60

social influence and diffusion of responsibility | factors that lead to non-helping

Answer 61

Gender differences in conformity were due to different social roles, not gender

Answer 62

Cognitive dissonance theory: experiment with students being paid $1 or $20 for a boring task. Those that were paid less convinced themselves that they enjoyed the task >> minimal justification effect Social comparison theory

Answer 63

Norms for interpersonal distance in interpersonal interactions. In the US it is ~1 foot for friends, several feet for strangers. Proxemics

Answer 64

Balance Theory: explain why attitudes change | Attribution theory: dispositional and situational attributes

Answer 65

Studied attitude change Communicator (needs credibility) Communication Situation

Answer 66

Groupthink: explains how group decision-making can go wrong through false sense of unanimty

Answer 67

Just world belief

Answer 68

Leadership styles: autocratic, democratic, and laissez-faire Laissez-faire: less efficient/organized/satisfied Autocratic: more hostile/aggressive/dependent on their leader, more productive Democratic: more satisfied/cohesive/motivated and interested

Answer 69

Psychological inoculation to help people resist persuasion

Answer 70

Obedience studies | Stimulus-overload theory to explain the differences between city and country dwellers

Answer 71

Studied political norms at a university: students increasingly accepted the norms of their community.

Answer 72

Elaboration likelihood model of persuasion: central and peripheral routes to persuasion

Answer 73

studied relationship between anxiety and the need for affiliation

Answer 74

Used the autokinetic effect to study conformity (individuals conformed their estimates to the group) Robber's Cave experiment and found that having superordinate goals increased intergroup cooperation

Answer 75

Mere exposure effect Social facilitation effect by suggesting that the presence of others enhances the emission of dominant responses and impairs the emission on nondominant responses

Answer 76

Prison simulation >> Anonymity led to deindividuation >> unacceptable behavior

Answer 77

Empathy-Altruism Model: when faced with situations where others might need help, people might feel distress and/or empathy and either state can drive helping behavior Experiment w/ easy and difficult to escape conditions. Easy to escape: 2 shocks, more distress, left instead of helped. If reported more empathy, more likely to help regardless of condition

Answer 78

Dilemma studying the risky shift in group decision making. The content of the dilemma determines the direction of the shift

Answer 79

people can make accurate judgements after a few seconds of observation (thin slices of behavior). Gait is also useful nonverbal behavior

Answer 80

``` three patterns of crying: angry/frustrated basic: usually hunger pain eventually learn that caregivers respond to crying ```

Answer 81

First psychology lab Believed experimental psychology was limited and could not study higher processes like memory, thinking, and language When you thought of something, an image formed in your mind. There could be no thought without a mental image

Answer 82

Showed that higher mental processes could be studied using experimental psychology. Studied memory using nonsense syllables and the method of savings

Answer 83

Disagreed with Wundt, thought that there could be imageless thought

Answer 84

discovered and studied instinctual drift

Answer 85

Studied taste-aversion learning and proposed that some species are biologically prepared to learn connections between certain stimuli

Answer 86

Studied "insight" in problem solving

Answer 87

Ethologist who studied unlearned, instinctual behaviors in the natural environment

Answer 88

Discovered the basic principles of classical conditioning

Answer 89

Suggested the Premack principle: that a more-preferred activity could be used to reinforce a less-preferred activity

Answer 90

Performed experiments which showed that contiguity could not fully explain classical conditioning; proposed contingency theory of classical conditioning

Answer 91

Developed the principles of operant conditioning

Answer 92

Law of effect | Used puzzle boxes to study problem solving in cats

Answer 93

Ethologist who introduced experimental methods into field situations

Answer 94

Ethologist who studied communication in honey bees

Answer 95

developed sociobiology | Investigates the effect of various social behaviors have on fitness

Answer 96

Developed method of systematic desensitization to eliminate phobias

Answer 97

Investigated the role of schemata in memory; concluded that memory is largely a reconstructive process

Answer 98

Divided intelligence into fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence and looked at how they change throughout the lifespan

Answer 99

Distinguished between the surface structure and deep structure of a sentence; studied transformational rules that could be used to transform one sentence into another

Answer 100

Devised the spreading activation model of semantic memory

Answer 101

Developed the levels-of-processing theory of memory as an alternative to the stage theory of memory

Answer 102

Proposed a theory of multiple intelligences (7 types) all of which are equally important

Answer 103

Devised divergent thinking test to measure creativity

Answer 104

Investigated the use of heuristics in decision making; studied the availability heuristic and the representativeness heuristic

Answer 105

Studied eyewitness memory and concluded that our memories can be altered by presenting new information or by asking misleading questions

Answer 106

Used the water-jar problem to study the effect of mental sets on problem solving

Answer 107

Found support for gender differences in verbal ability

Answer 108

Suggested that the brain processes information using parallel distributed processing (PDP)

Answer 109

Found that the capacity of short-term memory is seven (plus or minus 2) items

Answer 110

Proposed dual-code hypothesis

Answer 111

Devised the semantic feature-comparison model of semantic memory

Answer 112

Suggested that individual differences in intelligence were largely due to differences in amount of a general factor "g"

Answer 113

Studied the capacity of sensory memory using the partial-report method

Answer 114

Proposed the triarchic theory that divides intelligence into three types: componential, experiential and contextual

Answer 115

Used factor analysis to study primary mental abilities - factors more specific than g but more general than s

Answer 116

Hypothesized that language determines how reality is percieved