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GRE psychology Extras > Social Psych > Flashcards

Social Psych Flashcards

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1
Q

Role Theory

A

people are aware of their social roles they are expected to fill. Most observable behavior is the result of trying to fulfills those roles

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2
Q

Attitudes

A

Likes/dislikes for things, people, and ideas

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3
Q

Consistency theories

A

people prefer consistency and will change or resist changing attitudes based upon this preference
- If there is an inconsistency, try to resolve it

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4
Q

Balance Theory

A

Heider
How 3 elements relate to each other (ex: Person A and B and their attitudes about an object)
Imbalance&raquo_space; stress&raquo_space; attempt to remove it and achieve balance (usually by changing attitudes)

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5
Q

Cognitive Dissonance Theory

A

Festinger
Tendency for people to seek consistency between cognitions and behaviors and attitudes. When there is dissonance, something must resolve it
Free choice and forced-compliance dissonance
Stronger dissonance = change more likely or stronger

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6
Q

Free-choice dissonance

A

When making the choice between several desirable alternatives&raquo_space; dissonance
After making the choice, people will view the selected on more favorably and criticize the other one
post-decisional dissonance

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7
Q

Post-decisional Dissoance

A

When the dissonance emerges after the decision has been made

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8
Q

Forced-compliance Dissonance

A

When being forced (by either reward or punishment) into behaving in a manner that is inconsistent with beliefs or attitudes

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9
Q

Minimal Justification Effect

A

If external justification is minimal, you will reduce your dissonance by changing internal cognitions

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10
Q

Self-perception Theory

A

Bem
Used to explain forced-compliance dissonance
When your attitudes about something are weak or ambiguous, you observe your own behavior and attribute it to yourself
Inferring attitudes based on own behavior
NO state of dissonance/discomfort bc initial attitude is irrelevant

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11
Q

Overjustification Effect

A

Part of self-perception theory
External motivation for something you already like may replace the internal motivation because you attribute your attitudes to the external motivations only and like it less

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12
Q

Sleeper Effect

A

Over time, the persuasive impact of a high credibility source decreased while the persuasive impact of the low-credibility source increased.

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13
Q

Credibility

A

Better credentials

Arguing against your own self-interest

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14
Q

Two-sided messages

A

Arguments for and against a position are persuasive because they seem balanced. Ex: News reports

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15
Q

Elaboration Likelihood model or persuasion

A

Two routes to persuasion: central and peripheral
Central: both motivated and able to process the information. Topic is important to you
Peripheral: Not motivated to process info or not able to. Leads to more impulsive decisions

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16
Q

Central route to persuasion

A

When the issue is important to us

Strong arguments are more likely to change opinions

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17
Q

Peripheral route to persuasion

A

When the issue is not very important to us, can’t hear the message clearly, or are distracted
Strength of message doesn’t matter, the how/whom/circumstances are more important

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18
Q

Analogy of Innoculation

A

Used cultural truisms (beliefs that are seldom questioned and are vulnerable to attack) to defend against persuasion.
Exposed to a weaker version of the argumentq

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19
Q

Refuted counterarguments

A

motivates people to practice defending their beliefs. So when an actual attack occurs, they will be better prepared to resist it

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20
Q

Belief Perseverance

A

Under certain conditions, people will hold beliefs even after those beliefs have been shown to be falseTh

21
Q

Reactance

A

Tendency to act in a way to reassert a sense of freedom when social pressure is so overwhelming and threatening to freedom

22
Q

Social Comparison Theory

A

Festinger
We are drawn to affiliate because of a tendency to evaluate ourselves in relationship to other people
1. people prefer to evaluate themselves by objective, nonsocial means (when that’s not available, we compare ourselves to others)
2. fewer similarity of opinions/abilities between two people, the less the tendency to make these comparisons (if there’s a discrepancy, change it to align with the group bc affiliation is important)
3. ??

23
Q

Reciprocity Hypothesis

A

we tend to like people who like us

we tend to dislike people who dislike us

24
Q

Gain-Loss Principle

A
  • based on reciprocity hypothesis
  • an evaluation that changes will have more of an impact than an evaluation that remains constant
    Ex: We will like someone more if their liking for us has increased than someone who has constantly liked us
25
Q

Social Exchange Theory

A

assumes that a person weighs the rewards and costs of interacting with another. People attempt to maximize rewards and minimize costs

26
Q

Equity Theory

A

We consider both the costs/rewards of ourselves and other people. We prefer our ratio to be equal to the other person’s ratio. If there is an imbalance in a relationship, there will be an instability

27
Q

Need complementarity

A

claims that people choose relationships so that they mutually satisfy each other’s needs
Ex: dominant and submissive

28
Q

Attractiveness stereotype

A

tendency to attribute positive qualities and desirable characteristics to attractive people

29
Q

Attraction

A
  • Physical attractiveness (attractiveness stereotype)
  • Spatial proximity (mere exposure effect)
  • Similarity
  • Reciprocity
30
Q

Pluralistic Ignorance

A

leading others to a definition of an event as a nonemergency

31
Q

Diffusion of Responsibility

A

If there are more people present in an emergency, the responsibility to help spreads so each individual has less of a responsibility when more people are present

32
Q

Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis

A

Levels of frustration are correlated with levels of aggression

33
Q

Social Learning Theory

A

Bandura
Aggression is learned through modeling (direct observation) or reinforcement
Bobo Doll experiment: children who observed the aggressive model were more likely to behave aggressively toward the doll

34
Q

Milgram’s Obedience Experiments

A
  • 100% reached 300v (out of 450)
  • 65% completed all the shocks
  • Subjects had adverse physical reactions to obeying (3 had seizures???)
  • run down lab: same compliance levels
  • confederates disobeyed first: decreased levels of compliance
  • removed from directly shocking: decreased
35
Q

Doll Preferance

A

Highlighted negative effects of racism on self-esteem in segregated black children
Later experiments could not replicate, possibly due to changing society? Kept positive views of own ethnicity

36
Q

Halo Effect

A

Tendency to allow a general impression of a person to influence other, more specific evaluations about a person. Explains why people are inaccurate about people they generally believe to be good or bad

37
Q

Proxemics

A

Study of how individuals space themselves in relation to others

38
Q

Social Loafing

A

Group phenomenon where people tend to put in less effort when part of a group than when acting individually

39
Q

Deindividuation

A

Loss of self-awareness and of personal identity

40
Q

Risky Shift

A

Group decisions are riskier than the average of the individual choices.

41
Q

Value Hypothesis

A

The risky shift occurs in situations in which risk is culturally valued. The less risky will become riskier

42
Q

Prisoner’s Dilemma

A

Choice to cooperate or compete

Compete if want the best for himself, or doesn’t trust the other person

43
Q

Actor/Observer Discrepancy

A

fundamental attribution error leads to the actor/observer discrepancy in attributions

44
Q

low-balling strategy

A

Salesperson offers a product at a very low price and once the customer agrees, the salesperson claims that it was not approved, or there will be additional charges. The customer often agrees to pay the increased price

45
Q

Culture of Honor

A

Belief system in which men are primed to protect their reputations through physical aggression
Experiment: Asshole study looked at cortisol and testosterone change after being insulted
- Supports Bobo doll experiment

46
Q

Bystander Intervention Effect

A 
The failure to offer help by those who observe someone in need
aka bystander apathy
1. Diffusion decreases helping
2. social anxiety decreases helping
3. Anonymity decreases helping
4. Cost-benefit of helping
47
Q

Matchin Principle

A

Most successful romantic couples also tend to be the most physically similar. Similarity in values, education, SES are important

48
Q

Components of Love

A

Passionate love
Companionate love
Hatfield and Bercheid

GRE psychology Extras (8 decks)

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