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psych 101 final > thinking and language > Flashcards

thinking and language Flashcards

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1
Q

define cognition

A

thinking, it encompasses the process associated with perception, knowledge, problem solving, judgement, language and memory

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2
Q

define concepts

A

categories or groupings of linguistic formation, images, ideas, or memories -> life experiences

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3
Q

define schema

A

mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts

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4
Q

define prototype

A

technique used by our brain to identify the concepts we have developed

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5
Q

why are heuristics normally criticized?

A

being prone to biases

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6
Q

types of heuristics (10)

A

affect
anchoring
authority
availability
effort
familiarity
fluency
representativeness
scarcity
trial and error

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7
Q

t/f: insight and problem solving strategies are the same thing

A

false

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8
Q

what is mental set?

A

only thinking inside the box (9 dot question) - we forget what other things an object can do

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9
Q

which brain area is activated when we think of these insight activities

A

frontal lobe

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10
Q

obstacles of problem solving (4)

A
  • fixation - fixed thinking
  • belief perseverance - we continue to believe in something even though we are presented with something that contradicts our beliefs
  • framing - the way information is presented to us
  • sunk-cost fallacy - the amount of effort we put into something

confirmation bias
dunning-kruger effect
illusory correlation
correlation does not equal causation
hindsight

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10
Q

which brain area is responsible for solving word problems?

A

right temporal lobe

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11
Q

intuition regarding problem solving (4)

A

fast and effortless knowledge
‘frozen into habit’
adaptive
critical/necessary

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12
Q

define bounded rationality

A

a theory that addresses our capacities, time limitations, and scarcity of information

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13
Q

define expected utility

A

utility that an entity or aggregate economy is expected to reach under any number of circumstances

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14
Q

define object value

A

the money value of something

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15
Q

how does subjective value decline? (3)

A

increasing:
- delay
- risk
- effort

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16
Q

define subject value

A

the emotional value a person has on an item

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17
Q

what does discount rate determine?

A

decision making style - impulsitivity

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18
Q

who came up w prospect theory

A

taversky ad Kahneman

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19
Q

describe risk aversion (1)

A

risk-avoiding to keep gains

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19
Q

describe loss aversion (2)

A

risk-seeking to avoid losses
we will chose riskier choices if we already lost something

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20
Q

describe the prospect theory

A

we dont treat gains and losses equally

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21
Q

what is the certainty effect

A

things that are certain are thought of as having a higher value

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22
Q

what is maximizing

A

consider and compare all the options

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23
Q

what is satisficing

A

selecting first option that meets criteria

24
Q

who came up w the idea of maximizing and satisficing

A

barry schwartz

25
Q

what is divergent thinking

A

expanding the possibilities, moving from a problem to a variety of novel solutions

26
Q

what is convergent thinking

A

taking a bunch of options and narrowing it down to a solution

27
Q

thorndike’s law of effect

A

behaviourism

27
Q

sternber et al’s five ingredients

A

expertise - knows how to break the rules
imaginative thinking skills - being able to see patterns/what other people cannot see
venturesome personality - tolerant to failing
intrinsic motivation - doing what you like
creative environment - being around other like-minded people

27
Q

wolfgang kohler

A

display insight

28
Q

building blocks of spoken language

A

phonemes - sound units
morphemes - smallest blocks of meaningful information (not words)
grammar
-> syntax
-> semantic - meaning to our words

29
Q

which develops first: receptive or productive language? and at what age for both?

A

receptive - 4-6 months
productive - 10 months

30
Q

what did chomsky say about language?

A

there is universal grammar since humans are predisposed to grammar - uniquely human thing

31
Q

what is statistical learning?

A

hearing sounds over and over again until we develop a sense of where words start/end and correct/incorrect grammar

32
Q

what is the sensitive period of language learning?

A

first 10 years

33
Q

name the brain areas involved in language (5)

A

motor cortex
arcuate fasciculus
borcas area
wernickes area
primary auditory cortex

34
Q

what did binder et al (1997) find?

A

speech zones are widespread throughout the brain

35
Q

language problems (umbrella terms - 3)

A

aphasia - language problem
alexia - reading problem
agraphia - writing problem

36
Q

types of aphasia (3)

A

fluent
- receptive - wernickes

non-fluent
- expressive - brocas
- global -> have problems w wernickes and brocas

37
Q

t/f: other species share our language cognitive skills including language

A

fale: they share comprehension and communication, but not language

38
Q

describe whorf’s linguistic determinism hypothesis

A

language is not just a way to express our thoughts, it shapes out thoughts

39
Q

t/f: the more language you learn does not mean you will have an ‘expanded ability’ to think

A

false

40
Q

define rationality

A

solve a problem with reason

41
Q

define logic (2)

A

way of making sense of information
subcategory of rationality

42
Q

what is the conjunction fallacy?

A

we tend to think the possibility of one fact happening is higher than the same fact+another fact

example:
option 1: person A is 6 feet tall
option 2: person A is 6 feet tall AND a basketball player

we would think that option A will be more likely to happen

43
Q

what does the conjunction fallacy reveal about human reasoning? (2)

A

demonstrates that we are bad at reasoning
we think every clue give is meaningful

44
Q

newell and simon (1972) description of problem solving

A
  • initial state - starting point
  • goal state - ending point
  • sets of operators - rules/ways to get to goal
  • path constrictions - other requirements to satisfy
45
Q

define algorithm

A

step-by-step set of instructions that leads to you result

46
Q

how can algorithms break down? (4)

A

problem space too big
- time-consuming
- labor-intensive
- too expensive

47
Q

t/f: humans are good at working with incomplete information

A

true

48
Q

define combinatorial explosion

A

use something that is very simple to compare to ones existential crisis

49
Q

what is an obstacle of algorithm

A

combinatorial explosion

50
Q

how do we measure total pathways for combinatorial explosions?

A

F^D
F=options at a given moment
D=choices on the way to the goal

51
Q

what is an event schema also known as

A

cognitive script

52
Q

what provides general principles for organizing words into meaningful sentences?

A

syntax

53
Q

problem solving biases (4)

A
  • anchoring bias - focus on one piece of information when solving problem
  • confirmation bias
  • hindsight bias - belief that the event you just experienced was predictable
  • representative bias - unintentionally stereotype someone or something
54
Q

who developed the triarchic theory of intelligence? and what is it composed of?

A

robert sternberg
- practical
- creative
- analytical intellegence

55
Q

who developed the multiple intelligence theory and what do they propose in it?

A

Howard Gardner
proposed that everyone has at least 8 intelligences

linguistic
logical-mathematical
musical
bodily kinesthetic
spatial
interpersonal
intrapersonal
naturalistic

56
Q

who developed the IQ test?

A

David Wechsler

57
Q

what is the new term in the DSM for mental retardation?

A

intellectual disability

58
Q

what did author jensen believe?

A

genetics was solely responsible for intelligence

psych 101 final (4 decks)

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