memory Flashcards
define memory
we learn something which is later revealed that the learning stuck
measures of memory and their definitions (3)
recall - independently generale information
recognition - recognize information, appears familiar
relearning - how much of the previous stuff can be actively recalled
Ebbinghaus (3)
retention curve
one sample size
memorized random string of numbers; easier on the second day even though he could not remember the numbers
describe the information-processing model (2)
compares human memory to computer operations
encoding, storage, retrieval
define savings in relearning
how fast you are able to retrieve information due to it being ‘saved’ in your brain
describe connectionism information-processing model (2)
focus on multitask, parallel processing
views memories as products of interconnected neural networks
describe encoding of memory
sending information as a code
describe storage of memory
a change in structure and function of neurons
describe retrieval of memory
pull from long-term memory and put into working memory
define working memory and give example of a working memory test
memory stored for a short period of time, unless rehearsed
N-back test
describe the dual-track memory system (2)
explicit/declarative memory: conscious facts and experiences
implicit/nondeclarative memory: forms through automatic processing, bypass conscious encoding track
two types of amnesia
retrograde amnesia - lost previous events
anterograde amnesia - dont know what has occured, cannot form new memories
describe H.M. (5)
- bilateral medial temporal lobectomy
- profound anterograde amnesia - cannot form long term -> no consolidation
- some retrograde amnesia
- has working memory -> passed digital span task
- hippocampus is responsible for consolidation of memory
what kind of long-term memory tests could H.M. pass? (3)
- mirror-drawing test - dependent on muscle memory
- pavlovian conditioning - associative/classical conditioning: eye-blink reflex
- priming
what type of memory is processed in the hippocampus and the frontal lobes?
explicit
what types of memories are processed in the cerebellum and basal ganglia?
implicit memories
t/f: memory consolidation can make memory more fragile and manipulatable
true
what is sensory memory (2)
first stage in forming explicit memories
very brief recording of sensory information
define iconic memory
picture-image memory
define echoic memory
sound memory
describe short term memory (working memory) (3)
- can hold items briefly
- ‘magic number’ = 7 +/- 2 -> capacity varies
- decays without rehearsal
what is working memory capacity
maximum amount of information one can accurately retrieve from WM
t/f: working memory does not predict other aspects of cognition such as reading comprehension, verbal/numerical abilities, and general fluid intelligence
false
strategies to improve memory formation (6)
chunking
mnemonics
hierarchies
spaced study and self-assessment
- massed practice - cramming
- distributive practice - study every day
testing effect
making material personally meaningful
levels of processing for verbal information (2)
shallow processing - need to learn what the thing is
deep processing - know the applications of the thing you studied
SQ3R
survey
question
read
recite
review
past research view of how the brain retains memory
the brain is a hard drive
newer findings about how the brain retains information (3)
- info is not stored in only one place
- perception, language, emotion, etc, require brain networks for storage
- recall is reconstruction and remembered memories are fragile
types of retrieval cues (4)
priming
context-dependent memory - in same place we learned it
-> encoding specific principle
state-dependent memory - state that you were in when you learned it
-> mood-congruent memory - same mood = better memory
serial position effect
-> primacy effect - remember first material best
-> recency effect - remember most recent material best
how does emotion effect memory (2) and what type of memory does it generate?
- triggers hormone production and neuromodulatory (norepinephrine) release
- has effect on amygdala and cortex -> enhance memory
results in flashbulb memory
why do we forget and at which stage does this occur at?
we forget when we process information, filter, alter or lose much of it
this happens in all stages of memory formation
explain the two-track mind
humans have two distinct memory systems controlled by different parts of the brain
causes of forgetting (5)
- encoding failure
- storage decay
- retrieval failure
- interference -> similar memory (proactive and retroactive)
- motivated forgetting -> repressed memory
misinformation, imagination, and reconsolidating effects
misinformation effect - misremember based on how the question was asked -> eyewitness memory
imagination effect - being asked to recall something over and over again
reconsolidation effect - memory manipulated as you recall it
how is working/short-term memory stored? (3) and what is responsible for moving these memories into long-term?
phonological loop
visuospatial sketchpad
episodic buffer
central executive
what is the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon also known as?
blocking
what is acrostic?
taking first letter of each word/sentence to make word
what did Yogo and Fujuhara (2008) suggest about improving short-term memory?
you should spend more time writing about traumatic life experiences
