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psych 101 final > memory > Flashcards

memory Flashcards

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1
Q

define memory

A

we learn something which is later revealed that the learning stuck

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2
Q

measures of memory and their definitions (3)

A

recall - independently generale information
recognition - recognize information, appears familiar
relearning - how much of the previous stuff can be actively recalled

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3
Q

Ebbinghaus (3)

A

retention curve
one sample size
memorized random string of numbers; easier on the second day even though he could not remember the numbers

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4
Q

describe the information-processing model (2)

A

compares human memory to computer operations
encoding, storage, retrieval

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4
Q

define savings in relearning

A

how fast you are able to retrieve information due to it being ‘saved’ in your brain

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5
Q

describe connectionism information-processing model (2)

A

focus on multitask, parallel processing
views memories as products of interconnected neural networks

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6
Q

describe encoding of memory

A

sending information as a code

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7
Q

describe storage of memory

A

a change in structure and function of neurons

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8
Q

describe retrieval of memory

A

pull from long-term memory and put into working memory

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9
Q

define working memory and give example of a working memory test

A

memory stored for a short period of time, unless rehearsed
N-back test

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10
Q

describe the dual-track memory system (2)

A

explicit/declarative memory: conscious facts and experiences
implicit/nondeclarative memory: forms through automatic processing, bypass conscious encoding track

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11
Q

two types of amnesia

A

retrograde amnesia - lost previous events
anterograde amnesia - dont know what has occured, cannot form new memories

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12
Q

describe H.M. (5)

A
  • bilateral medial temporal lobectomy
  • profound anterograde amnesia - cannot form long term -> no consolidation
  • some retrograde amnesia
  • has working memory -> passed digital span task
  • hippocampus is responsible for consolidation of memory
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13
Q

what kind of long-term memory tests could H.M. pass? (3)

A
  • mirror-drawing test - dependent on muscle memory
  • pavlovian conditioning - associative/classical conditioning: eye-blink reflex
  • priming
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14
Q

what type of memory is processed in the hippocampus and the frontal lobes?

A

explicit

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15
Q

what types of memories are processed in the cerebellum and basal ganglia?

A

implicit memories

16
Q

t/f: memory consolidation can make memory more fragile and manipulatable

A

true

17
Q

what is sensory memory (2)

A

first stage in forming explicit memories
very brief recording of sensory information

18
Q

define iconic memory

A

picture-image memory

19
Q

define echoic memory

A

sound memory

20
Q

describe short term memory (working memory) (3)

A
  • can hold items briefly
  • ‘magic number’ = 7 +/- 2 -> capacity varies
  • decays without rehearsal
21
Q

what is working memory capacity

A

maximum amount of information one can accurately retrieve from WM

22
Q

t/f: working memory does not predict other aspects of cognition such as reading comprehension, verbal/numerical abilities, and general fluid intelligence

A

false

23
Q

strategies to improve memory formation (6)

A

chunking
mnemonics
hierarchies
spaced study and self-assessment
- massed practice - cramming
- distributive practice - study every day
testing effect
making material personally meaningful

24
Q

levels of processing for verbal information (2)

A

shallow processing - need to learn what the thing is
deep processing - know the applications of the thing you studied

25
Q

SQ3R

A

survey
question
read
recite
review

26
Q

past research view of how the brain retains memory

A

the brain is a hard drive

27
Q

newer findings about how the brain retains information (3)

A
  • info is not stored in only one place
  • perception, language, emotion, etc, require brain networks for storage
  • recall is reconstruction and remembered memories are fragile
28
Q

types of retrieval cues (4)

A

priming
context-dependent memory - in same place we learned it
-> encoding specific principle
state-dependent memory - state that you were in when you learned it
-> mood-congruent memory - same mood = better memory
serial position effect
-> primacy effect - remember first material best
-> recency effect - remember most recent material best

28
Q

how does emotion effect memory (2) and what type of memory does it generate?

A
  • triggers hormone production and neuromodulatory (norepinephrine) release
  • has effect on amygdala and cortex -> enhance memory
    results in flashbulb memory
29
Q

why do we forget and at which stage does this occur at?

A

we forget when we process information, filter, alter or lose much of it
this happens in all stages of memory formation

30
Q

explain the two-track mind

A

humans have two distinct memory systems controlled by different parts of the brain

31
Q

causes of forgetting (5)

A
  • encoding failure
  • storage decay
  • retrieval failure
  • interference -> similar memory (proactive and retroactive)
  • motivated forgetting -> repressed memory
32
Q

misinformation, imagination, and reconsolidating effects

A

misinformation effect - misremember based on how the question was asked -> eyewitness memory
imagination effect - being asked to recall something over and over again
reconsolidation effect - memory manipulated as you recall it

33
Q

how is working/short-term memory stored? (3) and what is responsible for moving these memories into long-term?

A

phonological loop
visuospatial sketchpad
episodic buffer

central executive

34
Q

what is the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon also known as?

A

blocking

35
Q

what is acrostic?

A

taking first letter of each word/sentence to make word

36
Q

what did Yogo and Fujuhara (2008) suggest about improving short-term memory?

A

you should spend more time writing about traumatic life experiences

psych 101 final (4 decks)

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