sleep Flashcards
what is sleep
periodic loss of consciousness
t/f: When people dream of performing some activity, their limbs often move in concert with the dream
f
t/f: Older adults sleep more than young adults
f
t/f: Sleepwalkers are acting out their dreams
f
t/f: Sleep experts recommend treating insomnia with an occasional sleeping pill
f
t/f: Some people dream every night; others seldom dream
f
facts of sleep (4)
- We spend approximately one third of our lives sleeping
- Reasons for sleep are not fully known
- Sleep is a state of altered consciousness
- Two kinds of sleep/two kinds of altered consciousness
stage 2 sleep involves (on EEG)
sleep spindles
stage 4 sleep EEG waves
delta activity
delta waves (2) frequency and amplitude
- low frequency -> neurons firing less
- high amplitude -> neurons fire at same time
states of sleep (6)
- awake
- stage 1
- stage 2
- stage 3
- stage 4
- REM
EEG activity (3) and characteristics (2) - awake
- irregular pattern
- beta activity (15-30 Hz) for alert
- alpha activity (8-12 Hz) for relaxed
- feel drowsy
- shift alert to relaxed wakefulness
EEG, EMG, EOG activity (4) and characteristics (2) - Stage 1
- theta activity (3.5-7.5 Hz)
- transition of wakefulness to sleep
- EMG shows muscles still active
- EOG shows gentle eye movement
- eyes slowly open and close
- person falls asleep
EEG activity (1) and characteristics (1) - Stage 2
- spindles in EEG
- sleep deeper
EEG activity (2) and characteristics (2) - Stage 3
- delta activity appears (< 3.5 Hz)
- slow wave sleep
- sleep even deeper
- less responsive to stimuli
characteristics of slow wave sleep (5)
- slow EEG waves
- lack of muscular paralysis
- slow or absent eye movements
- lack of genital activity
- banal dreams
EEG activity (2) and characteristics (2) - Stage 4
- continuous delta wave
- slow wave sleep
- very deep sleep
- reach within 1 hour
EEG activity (4) and characteristics (3) - REM
- EEG shifts stages 3,2,1
- EOG shows rapid eye movement
- EMG shows muscle relaxed (hands and feet occasionally twitch)
- rapid EEG
- heartbeat irregular
- Breathing shallow
- dreaming
characteristics of REM sleep (5)
- rapid EEG waves
- muscular paralysis
- rapid eye movements
- penile erection or vaginal secretion
- vivid dreams
amount of slow wave sleep we get throughout the night
less and less slow wave
more and more REM
what does a higher time spent in REM in babies suggests?
REM is important for brain development, and that is why we have a decrease in REM as we age
what is hyperplasia
more likely to eat more food the next day
what kind of studies have been used to examine the function of sleep? (2)
sleep deprivation and sleep restriction
what is total sleep deprivation
removed the ability to sleep for a long periods of time
what does sleep deprivation do to the brain (6)
- lower sociability and optimism
- impaired performance on tasks requiring high level cortical functioning
- poor vigilance, executive functions
- poor recall or verbal material
- reduced activation in parietal lobe, thalamus, prefrontal cortex
- catch up on sleep - activation in frontal-parietal area
what part of the brain contains the neural circuits for REM sleep? and what do they release?
pons - acetylcholine
what does the release of acetylecholine in the pons activate? (3) and what do they do?
other circuits - switching from slow-wave to REM:
- cerebral cortex (dreaming)
- area of the midbrain (REM)
- inhibitory neurons to paralyze
which area seems to play a role in slow-wave sleep?
preoptic area of the hypothalamus
two biological rythms
24-hour biological clock
90 min sleeping cycle for younger adults
what external factor governs our circadian rhythm
light
infradian rhythms
faster cycles
two circadian rhythms
internal 24 hr cycle of day and night
body temp
body temp rhythm
rise in morning
peaks during the day
dips in early afternoon
drop in evening
what is the circadian rhythm altered by?
age and experience
what part of the brain is responsible for the circadian rhythm
suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus
t/f: circadian rhythm regulates changes in energy level, mood, & efficiency through the day
t
what does it mean when animals are ‘free-running’
we lose our master clock - sleeping activity becomes very messy
what affects our sleep patterns? (3)
- bright morning light
- decrease production of melatonin
- social jet lag
reasons why we sleep (7)
- protective role - keep safe
- conserves energy - less opportunity to find food at night = conserving energy if sleep
- restore and repair - damaged neurons
- modify neural connections - REM and NREM - slow wave sleep is more important
- promotes creative problem solving - solutions come when sleeping
- growth hormone - muscle development
- glymphatic system - links delta waves
when does glymphatic system happen? how does it work
slow wave sleep
our astrocytes shrink which provides passageways for fluids to travel. Delta waves drive this process of growing and shrinking blood vessels
if we accumulate a sleep debt, what wave would we be in more?
delta
in terms of mortality rate and cognitive function, how many hours of sleep is the best?
7 hours
effects of sleep restriction (3)
cause fatigue and irritability
impairs concentration, memory consolidation
increase likelihood of depression, supressed immune system, greater vulnerability to accidence
trend of accidence and sleep
less sleep = more accidents
insomnia (3)
ability to start or maintain sleep over at least 3 nights
can be due to stress, anxiety
genetic predisposition
sleep apnea (3)
one cause of insomnia
cannot sleep and breathe at the same time
long term detrimental effects on brain
narcolepsy (3)
difficulty maintaining wakefullness
take psychostimulants
cataplexy
cataplexy (3)
paralysis but conscious
enter REM as soon as they fall asleep
neurons in hypothalamus switch between consciousness
sleep-walking (2)
in stage 4
heritable
sleep-talking (1)
can be in REM, normally in other stages
REM behavior disorder (2)
brain no longer paralysis body - older adults acting out dreams
predictor of parkinsons and lewy-body dementia
night terrors (2)
stage 4
no treatment
Enuresis (2)
stage 4
bed wetting
describe daydreams
familiar details of our life
describe REM dreams
vivid, emotional, bizarre
occurrence of dreams w negative emotion
8/10
occurrence of dreams w sexual imagery
1/10 men
1/30 women
dream theory: activation-synthesis
REM trigger neural activity that evoked memories
dream theory: freud’s wish fulfillment
dreams provide safety to express feelings
contains manifest content and latent content (hidden meaning)
dream theory: information-processing
help us sort out the days events and consolidate memories
what are the 5 dream theories
freud’s wish-fulfillment
information-processing
physiological functions
activation-synthesis
cognitive development
dream theory: physiological functions
regular brain stimulation from REM help develop and preserve neural pathways
dream theory: cognitive development
dream content relfects level of cognitive development
which hormone plays a role in regulating biological rhythms and immune function? where is it secreted from?
pineal gland secretes melatonin
symptoms of _______ may be improved by REM deprivation
depression
narcolepsy can be treated with what kind of medication?
amphetamine-like medication
