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psych 101 final > sleep > Flashcards

sleep Flashcards

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1
Q

what is sleep

A

periodic loss of consciousness

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2
Q

t/f: When people dream of performing some activity, their limbs often move in concert with the dream

A

f

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3
Q

t/f: Older adults sleep more than young adults

A

f

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4
Q

t/f: Sleepwalkers are acting out their dreams

A

f

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5
Q

t/f: Sleep experts recommend treating insomnia with an occasional sleeping pill

A

f

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6
Q

t/f: Some people dream every night; others seldom dream

A

f

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7
Q

facts of sleep (4)

A
  • We spend approximately one third of our lives sleeping
  • Reasons for sleep are not fully known
  • Sleep is a state of altered consciousness
  • Two kinds of sleep/two kinds of altered consciousness
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8
Q

stage 2 sleep involves (on EEG)

A

sleep spindles

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9
Q

stage 4 sleep EEG waves

A

delta activity

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10
Q

delta waves (2) frequency and amplitude

A
  • low frequency -> neurons firing less
  • high amplitude -> neurons fire at same time
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11
Q

states of sleep (6)

A
  • awake
  • stage 1
  • stage 2
  • stage 3
  • stage 4
  • REM
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12
Q

EEG activity (3) and characteristics (2) - awake

A
  • irregular pattern
  • beta activity (15-30 Hz) for alert
  • alpha activity (8-12 Hz) for relaxed
  • feel drowsy
  • shift alert to relaxed wakefulness
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13
Q

EEG, EMG, EOG activity (4) and characteristics (2) - Stage 1

A
  • theta activity (3.5-7.5 Hz)
  • transition of wakefulness to sleep
  • EMG shows muscles still active
  • EOG shows gentle eye movement
  • eyes slowly open and close
  • person falls asleep
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14
Q

EEG activity (1) and characteristics (1) - Stage 2

A
  • spindles in EEG
  • sleep deeper
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15
Q

EEG activity (2) and characteristics (2) - Stage 3

A
  • delta activity appears (< 3.5 Hz)
  • slow wave sleep
  • sleep even deeper
  • less responsive to stimuli
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16
Q

characteristics of slow wave sleep (5)

A
  • slow EEG waves
  • lack of muscular paralysis
  • slow or absent eye movements
  • lack of genital activity
  • banal dreams
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16
Q

EEG activity (2) and characteristics (2) - Stage 4

A
  • continuous delta wave
  • slow wave sleep
  • very deep sleep
  • reach within 1 hour
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17
Q

EEG activity (4) and characteristics (3) - REM

A
  • EEG shifts stages 3,2,1
  • EOG shows rapid eye movement
  • EMG shows muscle relaxed (hands and feet occasionally twitch)
  • rapid EEG
  • heartbeat irregular
  • Breathing shallow
  • dreaming
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18
Q

characteristics of REM sleep (5)

A
  • rapid EEG waves
  • muscular paralysis
  • rapid eye movements
  • penile erection or vaginal secretion
  • vivid dreams
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19
Q

amount of slow wave sleep we get throughout the night

A

less and less slow wave
more and more REM

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20
Q

what does a higher time spent in REM in babies suggests?

A

REM is important for brain development, and that is why we have a decrease in REM as we age

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21
Q

what is hyperplasia

A

more likely to eat more food the next day

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22
Q

what kind of studies have been used to examine the function of sleep? (2)

A

sleep deprivation and sleep restriction

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23
Q

what is total sleep deprivation

A

removed the ability to sleep for a long periods of time

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24
Q

what does sleep deprivation do to the brain (6)

A
  • lower sociability and optimism
  • impaired performance on tasks requiring high level cortical functioning
  • poor vigilance, executive functions
  • poor recall or verbal material
  • reduced activation in parietal lobe, thalamus, prefrontal cortex
  • catch up on sleep - activation in frontal-parietal area
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25
Q

what part of the brain contains the neural circuits for REM sleep? and what do they release?

A

pons - acetylcholine

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26
Q

what does the release of acetylecholine in the pons activate? (3) and what do they do?

A

other circuits - switching from slow-wave to REM:
- cerebral cortex (dreaming)
- area of the midbrain (REM)
- inhibitory neurons to paralyze

27
Q

which area seems to play a role in slow-wave sleep?

A

preoptic area of the hypothalamus

28
Q

two biological rythms

A

24-hour biological clock
90 min sleeping cycle for younger adults

29
Q

what external factor governs our circadian rhythm

A

light

30
Q

infradian rhythms

A

faster cycles

31
Q

two circadian rhythms

A

internal 24 hr cycle of day and night
body temp

32
Q

body temp rhythm

A

rise in morning
peaks during the day
dips in early afternoon
drop in evening

33
Q

what is the circadian rhythm altered by?

A

age and experience

34
Q

what part of the brain is responsible for the circadian rhythm

A

suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus

35
Q

t/f: circadian rhythm regulates changes in energy level, mood, & efficiency through the day

A

t

36
Q

what does it mean when animals are ‘free-running’

A

we lose our master clock - sleeping activity becomes very messy

37
Q

what affects our sleep patterns? (3)

A
  • bright morning light
  • decrease production of melatonin
  • social jet lag
38
Q

reasons why we sleep (7)

A
  • protective role - keep safe
  • conserves energy - less opportunity to find food at night = conserving energy if sleep
  • restore and repair - damaged neurons
  • modify neural connections - REM and NREM - slow wave sleep is more important
  • promotes creative problem solving - solutions come when sleeping
  • growth hormone - muscle development
  • glymphatic system - links delta waves
39
Q

when does glymphatic system happen? how does it work

A

slow wave sleep
our astrocytes shrink which provides passageways for fluids to travel. Delta waves drive this process of growing and shrinking blood vessels

40
Q

if we accumulate a sleep debt, what wave would we be in more?

A

delta

41
Q

in terms of mortality rate and cognitive function, how many hours of sleep is the best?

A

7 hours

42
Q

effects of sleep restriction (3)

A

cause fatigue and irritability
impairs concentration, memory consolidation
increase likelihood of depression, supressed immune system, greater vulnerability to accidence

43
Q

trend of accidence and sleep

A

less sleep = more accidents

44
Q

insomnia (3)

A

ability to start or maintain sleep over at least 3 nights
can be due to stress, anxiety
genetic predisposition

45
Q

sleep apnea (3)

A

one cause of insomnia
cannot sleep and breathe at the same time
long term detrimental effects on brain

46
Q

narcolepsy (3)

A

difficulty maintaining wakefullness
take psychostimulants
cataplexy

47
Q

cataplexy (3)

A

paralysis but conscious
enter REM as soon as they fall asleep
neurons in hypothalamus switch between consciousness

48
Q

sleep-walking (2)

A

in stage 4
heritable

49
Q

sleep-talking (1)

A

can be in REM, normally in other stages

50
Q

REM behavior disorder (2)

A

brain no longer paralysis body - older adults acting out dreams
predictor of parkinsons and lewy-body dementia

50
Q

night terrors (2)

A

stage 4
no treatment

51
Q

Enuresis (2)

A

stage 4
bed wetting

52
Q

describe daydreams

A

familiar details of our life

53
Q

describe REM dreams

A

vivid, emotional, bizarre

54
Q

occurrence of dreams w negative emotion

A

8/10

55
Q

occurrence of dreams w sexual imagery

A

1/10 men
1/30 women

56
Q

dream theory: activation-synthesis

A

REM trigger neural activity that evoked memories

57
Q

dream theory: freud’s wish fulfillment

A

dreams provide safety to express feelings
contains manifest content and latent content (hidden meaning)

58
Q

dream theory: information-processing

A

help us sort out the days events and consolidate memories

59
Q

what are the 5 dream theories

A

freud’s wish-fulfillment
information-processing
physiological functions
activation-synthesis
cognitive development

60
Q

dream theory: physiological functions

A

regular brain stimulation from REM help develop and preserve neural pathways

60
Q

dream theory: cognitive development

A

dream content relfects level of cognitive development

61
Q

which hormone plays a role in regulating biological rhythms and immune function? where is it secreted from?

A

pineal gland secretes melatonin

62
Q

symptoms of _______ may be improved by REM deprivation

A

depression

63
Q

narcolepsy can be treated with what kind of medication?

A

amphetamine-like medication

psych 101 final (4 decks)

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