learning

Question 1

what is learning

Answer 1

process of acquiring new info or behaviors

Question 2

how do we learn (3)

Answer 2

associative learning
consequences
acquisition of mental information

Question 5

what was pavlov’s experiment? list US, UR, NS, CS, and CR

Answer 5

US = food
UR = salvation
NS = tone
CS = tone
CR = salvation

dog will associate tone (NS) to food (US) which will then result in salvation (CR)

Question 6

experiment on auditory fear conditioning

Answer 6

different tones will elicit different responses

Question 7

describe higher-order (second-order) conditioning

Answer 7

conditioning occur, but can have another layer of conditioning for the object presented before.
limited in animals

Question 8

trend of extinction and recovery of CR

Answer 8

if you keep showing CS but not NS, the strength of CR will go away. however, the next time NS is shown with CS, the CR will come back

Question 9

describe generalization

Answer 9

what you learned will apply to other scenarios

Question 10

describe discrimination

Answer 10

how we separate qualities, example: even though animals with sharp teeth are scary, dogs and cats are not scary

Question 11

little albert experiment regarding generalization or discrimination?

Answer 11

generalization as he started to fear anything that was white

Question 12

t/f: most psychologists agree that classical conditioning is a basic form of learning

Answer 12

true

Question 13

why isn’t classical conditioning simply a ‘basic form of learning’? (4)

Answer 13

• exceptions to temporal contiguity
• CR does not mimic UR but rather is a preparatory response
• CR can be sophisticated
• we are evolutionarily predisposed to some types of learning

Question 14

law of effect (3)

Answer 14

• edward L throndlike
• good consequence is reinforced, bad consequence are not reinforced

Question 14

what does it mean if a behavior is reinforced

Answer 14

will do more of that action

Question 15

what does it mean if a behavior is punished

Answer 15

will do less of that action

Question 16

operant chamber (skinner box)

Answer 16

expanded on the idea of law and effect. cat in box w lever. once it learns that the lever lets it out, it will press it more often and faster

Question 17

describe negative reinforcement

Answer 17

take something away as reward - taking tylenol to get rid of headache

Question 17

how do you shape a behavior?

Answer 17

you reward them for every step they take for them to reach what you want

Question 18

describe positive reinforcement

Answer 18

reward

Question 19

describe conditioned/secondary reinforcer

Answer 19

needing another object to get something you really want

Question 20

describe primary reinforcer

Answer 20

types of reinforcement that you dont need to do anything learning about: food is yum

Question 21

define continuous reinforcement schedule

Answer 21

when you do an action, you get a reward

Question 22

t/f: interval reward schedule is more efficient

Answer 22

false

Question 23

name the 4 partial/intermittent reinforcement

Answer 23

• fixed ratio - get reward for x amount of action
• variable ratio - get reward on average x times
• fixed interval - get reward after x amount of time
• variable interval - get reward on average after x amount of time

Question 24

describe positive punishment

Answer 24

give bad things to you

Question 25

describe negative punishment

Answer 25

take good things away from you

Question 26

what is latent learning

Answer 26

learning in the absence of reward

Question 26

major drawbacks of physical punishment (5)

Answer 26

• behavior suppressed, not forgotten
• negativity reinforce parents punishing behavior
• only teaches individuals to not to that again in the presence of the authority figure
• teach fear
• increase aggression

Question 27

what did skinner do

Answer 27

discounted the importance of cognition, provided evidence of cognitive processes:

provide right reinforcement, people will become good. and not some people are born good/bad

Question 27

what is observational learning (2)

Answer 27

modeling
learn without direct experience by watching and imitating others

Question 28

evidence of cognitive processes (3)

Answer 28

• animal’s response to a fixed-interval reinforcement schedule
• development of a cognitive map in rats (latent learning)
• destruction of intrinsic motivation by excessive rewards

Question 29

what does the ventral premotor cortex do

Answer 29

plan your actions - relate to motor neurons

Question 30

what is shaping

Answer 30

reward successive approximations towards a target behavior

Question 31

what is the order of steps in the modeling process? (4)

Answer 31

attention
retention
reproduction
motivation

Question 32

who proposed observational learning?

Answer 32

Albert Bandura