learning Flashcards
what is learning
process of acquiring new info or behaviors
how do we learn (3)
associative learning
consequences
acquisition of mental information
what was pavlov’s experiment? list US, UR, NS, CS, and CR
US = food
UR = salvation
NS = tone
CS = tone
CR = salvation
dog will associate tone (NS) to food (US) which will then result in salvation (CR)
experiment on auditory fear conditioning
different tones will elicit different responses
describe higher-order (second-order) conditioning
conditioning occur, but can have another layer of conditioning for the object presented before.
limited in animals
trend of extinction and recovery of CR
if you keep showing CS but not NS, the strength of CR will go away. however, the next time NS is shown with CS, the CR will come back
describe generalization
what you learned will apply to other scenarios
describe discrimination
how we separate qualities, example: even though animals with sharp teeth are scary, dogs and cats are not scary
little albert experiment regarding generalization or discrimination?
generalization as he started to fear anything that was white
t/f: most psychologists agree that classical conditioning is a basic form of learning
true
why isn’t classical conditioning simply a ‘basic form of learning’? (4)
- exceptions to temporal contiguity
- CR does not mimic UR but rather is a preparatory response
- CR can be sophisticated
- we are evolutionarily predisposed to some types of learning
law of effect (3)
- edward L throndlike
- good consequence is reinforced, bad consequence are not reinforced
what does it mean if a behavior is reinforced
will do more of that action
what does it mean if a behavior is punished
will do less of that action
operant chamber (skinner box)
expanded on the idea of law and effect. cat in box w lever. once it learns that the lever lets it out, it will press it more often and faster
describe negative reinforcement
take something away as reward - taking tylenol to get rid of headache
how do you shape a behavior?
you reward them for every step they take for them to reach what you want
describe positive reinforcement
reward
describe conditioned/secondary reinforcer
needing another object to get something you really want
describe primary reinforcer
types of reinforcement that you dont need to do anything learning about: food is yum
define continuous reinforcement schedule
when you do an action, you get a reward
t/f: interval reward schedule is more efficient
false
name the 4 partial/intermittent reinforcement
- fixed ratio - get reward for x amount of action
- variable ratio - get reward on average x times
- fixed interval - get reward after x amount of time
- variable interval - get reward on average after x amount of time
describe positive punishment
give bad things to you
describe negative punishment
take good things away from you
what is latent learning
learning in the absence of reward
major drawbacks of physical punishment (5)
- behavior suppressed, not forgotten
- negativity reinforce parents punishing behavior
- only teaches individuals to not to that again in the presence of the authority figure
- teach fear
- increase aggression
what did skinner do
discounted the importance of cognition, provided evidence of cognitive processes:
provide right reinforcement, people will become good. and not some people are born good/bad
what is observational learning (2)
modeling
learn without direct experience by watching and imitating others
evidence of cognitive processes (3)
- animal’s response to a fixed-interval reinforcement schedule
- development of a cognitive map in rats (latent learning)
- destruction of intrinsic motivation by excessive rewards
what does the ventral premotor cortex do
plan your actions - relate to motor neurons
what is shaping
reward successive approximations towards a target behavior
what is the order of steps in the modeling process? (4)
attention
retention
reproduction
motivation
who proposed observational learning?
Albert Bandura
