Thinking

Question 1

Convergent thinking

Answer 1

Type of thinking used to find the one solution to a problem, like a math problem

Question 2

Divergent thinking

Answer 2

Type of thinking used when more than one possibility exists in a situation, like chess or creative thinking

Question 3

JP Guilford

Answer 3

defined convergent and divergent thinking

Question 4

Functional fixedness

Answer 4

Idea that people develop closed minds about the functions of certain objects

Question 5

Algorithms

Answer 5

Problem solving strategies that consider every possible solution and eventually hit on the correct solution; time consuming

Question 6

Heuristics

Answer 6

Problem-solving strategies that use rule of thumb or shortcuts based on what has worked in the past. Cannot guarantee a solution but is faster than an algorithm

Question 7

Mediation

Answer 7

Intervening mental process that occurs between stimulus and response. Reminds us what to do or how to respond based on ideas or past learning

Question 8

Allen Newell and Herbert Simon

Answer 8

Introduced first computer simulation model designed to solve problems as humans do. V1 called logic theorist, V2 called general problem solver

Question 9

Deductive reasoning

Answer 9

leads to a specific conclusion that must follow given the information provided

Question 10

Inductive reasoning

Answer 10

Leads to general rules that are inferred from specifics

Question 11

Atmosphere effect

Answer 11

When a conclusion is influenced by the way information is presented

Question 12

Semantic effect

Answer 12

Believing a conclusion based on what you think is correct rather than based on logic from given information

Question 13

Confirmation bias

Answer 13

Remembering and using information that confirms what you already think

Question 14

Elizabeth Loftus and Allan Collins

Answer 14

People have heirarchical semantic networks that group together related items in memory. When items are closely related, they are located closer in the heirarchy, and can be quickly linked together

Question 15

Allan Collins and Ross Quillian

Answer 15

Parallel Distributive Processing/Connectionism– people determine relationship between two items by searching cognitive semantic heirarchy

Question 16

Bottom-Up processing

Answer 16

Recognizing an item or pattern from data or details (Data driven)

Question 17

Top down processing

Answer 17

Opposed to bottom-up; driven by larger concepts not data

Question 18

Automatic processing

Answer 18

task is done effortlessly because it’s subsumed under a higher organization process

Question 19

Saccades

Answer 19

Eye movements from one fixation point to another

Question 20

James-Lange Theory of Emotion

Answer 20

Physiological, bodily reaction to situations comes first and causes emotions. We feel scared because we are trembling

Question 21

Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion

Answer 21

AKA Emergency theory. Emotions and bodily reactions occur simultaneously.

Question 22

Schachter-Singer theory of emotion

Answer 22

AKA Cognitive theory. Similar to James Lange in that emotions are the product of physiological reactions. But mental processes are in the middle. Physiological state–>mental interpretation–>emotion. Ex. We tremble in a situation and then feel either fear or anger depending on situational cues