Memory

Question 1

Stages of memory

Answer 1

sensory, short term, long term

Question 2

Sensory memory

Answer 2

lasts for only seconds; connection between perception and memory. Iconic and echoic

Question 3

George Sperling

Answer 3

Studied iconic memory and found that people can see more than they can remember. Shown series of letters like : GRXP ILTH and told to write it won. Could do first line and then forgot second while writing first

Question 4

Iconic memory

Answer 4

sensory memory of vision

Question 5

Ulric Neisser

Answer 5

Coined the term icon for brief visual memory. Icon memory lasts for about 1 second. Found that bright light or new pattern can erase original image

Question 6

Backward masking

Answer 6

Presentation of bright light or new image after original image that interferes with visual memory. more successful if mask is similar to original stimulus

Question 7

Echoic memory

Answer 7

sensory memory for auditory sesations

Question 8

Short term memory

Answer 8

Lasts for seconds or minutes; capacity of about 7 items. Largely auditory–items encoded phonologically

Question 9

Working memory

Answer 9

temporary memory that is needed to perform the task that someone is working on at that moment

Question 10

George Miller

Answer 10

found that STM has a capacity of about 7 items (+/- 2 items)

Question 11

Chunking

Answer 11

grouping items. Can increase the capacity of STM

Question 12

Primary (maintenance) rehearsal

Answer 12

Repeating material in order to hold it in short term memory

Question 13

Secondary (elaborative) rehearsal

Answer 13

Organizing and understanding material in order to transfer it to long term memory

Question 14

Proactive interference

Answer 14

When information that is disruptive to new learning was learned prior to new items

Question 15

Retroactive interference

Answer 15

When disruptive information is presented after new learning. Causes retroactive inhibitions

Question 16

Long term memory

Answer 16

Capable of permanent retention. Most items learned semantically, for meaning.

Question 17

Savings

Answer 17

measures how much information about a subject remains in long term memory by assessing how long it takes to learning something the second time instead of the first

Question 18

Encoding specificity principle

Answer 18

material is more likely to be remembered if it is retrieved in the same context in which it was stored. Applies to Long Term memory

Question 19

Episodic memory

Answer 19

details, events, and discrete knowledge

Question 20

semantic memroy

Answer 20

general knowledge of the world

Question 21

Procedural memory

Answer 21

knowing “how to” do something. Ride a bike

Question 22

Declarative memory

Answer 22

knowing a fact

Question 23

Explicit memory

Answer 23

knowing something and being consciously aware of the fact that it is known

Question 24

implicit memory

Answer 24

knowing something without being aware of knowing it

Question 25

Hermann Ebbinghaus

Answer 25

1st to study memory systematically. Developed “forgetting curve” that depicts sharp drop in savings immediately after learning, then levels off

Question 26

Frank Bartlett

Answer 26

Found that memory is reconstructive rather than rote. People are more likely to remember the idea of a story than details or grammar

Question 27

Allan Paivio

Answer 27

dual code hypothesis–items will be better remembered if they are encoded visually (icons/imagery) and semantically (understanding)

Question 28

Fergus Craik & Robert Lockhart

Answer 28

learning and recall depend on the depth of processing. Different levels of processing from superficial phonological to deep semantic. Deeper processing is more likely to be remembered.

Question 29

Elizabeth Loftus

Answer 29

memory of traumatic events can be altered by presentation of questions

Question 30

Karl Lashley

Answer 30

most memories are stored diffusely in the brain

Question 31

Donald hebb

Answer 31

memory involves changes of synapses and neural pathways–memory tree

Question 32

Brenda Milner

Answer 32

Wrote about HM

Question 33

Serial learning

Answer 33

When a list is learned and recalled in the same order (i.e. US presidents)

Question 34

Primacy effect

Answer 34

First item on a list is easiest to remember because it is rehearsed the most frequently

Question 35

Recency effect

Answer 35

Last item on a list is easy to remember because it was rehearsed most recently

Question 36

Serial anticipation learning

Answer 36

Similar to serial learning except asked to recall one item at a time

Question 37

Decay/trace theory

Answer 37

Theory of forgetting that posits that memories fade with time (doesn’t account for interference with retrieval)

Question 38

Interference theory

Answer 38

Theory of forgetting that posits that competing information blocks retrieval

Question 39

Tachtiscope

Answer 39

Instrument used in cognitive or memory experiments that presents visual material (words or images) for a fraction of a second

Question 40

Zeigamik effect

Answer 40

Tendency to recall uncompleted tasks better than completed ones