Memory Flashcards

1
Q

Stages of memory

A

sensory, short term, long term

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2
Q

Sensory memory

A

lasts for only seconds; connection between perception and memory. Iconic and echoic

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3
Q

George Sperling

A

Studied iconic memory and found that people can see more than they can remember. Shown series of letters like : GRXP ILTH and told to write it won. Could do first line and then forgot second while writing first

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4
Q

Iconic memory

A

sensory memory of vision

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5
Q

Ulric Neisser

A

Coined the term icon for brief visual memory. Icon memory lasts for about 1 second. Found that bright light or new pattern can erase original image

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6
Q

Backward masking

A

Presentation of bright light or new image after original image that interferes with visual memory. more successful if mask is similar to original stimulus

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7
Q

Echoic memory

A

sensory memory for auditory sesations

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8
Q

Short term memory

A

Lasts for seconds or minutes; capacity of about 7 items. Largely auditory–items encoded phonologically

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9
Q

Working memory

A

temporary memory that is needed to perform the task that someone is working on at that moment

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10
Q

George Miller

A

found that STM has a capacity of about 7 items (+/- 2 items)

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11
Q

Chunking

A

grouping items. Can increase the capacity of STM

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12
Q

Primary (maintenance) rehearsal

A

Repeating material in order to hold it in short term memory

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13
Q

Secondary (elaborative) rehearsal

A

Organizing and understanding material in order to transfer it to long term memory

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14
Q

Proactive interference

A

When information that is disruptive to new learning was learned prior to new items

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15
Q

Retroactive interference

A

When disruptive information is presented after new learning. Causes retroactive inhibitions

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16
Q

Long term memory

A

Capable of permanent retention. Most items learned semantically, for meaning.

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17
Q

Savings

A

measures how much information about a subject remains in long term memory by assessing how long it takes to learning something the second time instead of the first

18
Q

Encoding specificity principle

A

material is more likely to be remembered if it is retrieved in the same context in which it was stored. Applies to Long Term memory

19
Q

Episodic memory

A

details, events, and discrete knowledge

20
Q

semantic memroy

A

general knowledge of the world

21
Q

Procedural memory

A

knowing “how to” do something. Ride a bike

22
Q

Declarative memory

A

knowing a fact

23
Q

Explicit memory

A

knowing something and being consciously aware of the fact that it is known

24
Q

implicit memory

A

knowing something without being aware of knowing it

25
Hermann Ebbinghaus
1st to study memory systematically. Developed "forgetting curve" that depicts sharp drop in savings immediately after learning, then levels off
26
Frank Bartlett
Found that memory is reconstructive rather than rote. People are more likely to remember the idea of a story than details or grammar
27
Allan Paivio
dual code hypothesis--items will be better remembered if they are encoded visually (icons/imagery) and semantically (understanding)
28
Fergus Craik & Robert Lockhart
learning and recall depend on the depth of processing. Different levels of processing from superficial phonological to deep semantic. Deeper processing is more likely to be remembered.
29
Elizabeth Loftus
memory of traumatic events can be altered by presentation of questions
30
Karl Lashley
most memories are stored diffusely in the brain
31
Donald hebb
memory involves changes of synapses and neural pathways--memory tree
32
Brenda Milner
Wrote about HM
33
Serial learning
When a list is learned and recalled in the same order (i.e. US presidents)
34
Primacy effect
First item on a list is easiest to remember because it is rehearsed the most frequently
35
Recency effect
Last item on a list is easy to remember because it was rehearsed most recently
36
Serial anticipation learning
Similar to serial learning except asked to recall one item at a time
37
Decay/trace theory
Theory of forgetting that posits that memories fade with time (doesn't account for interference with retrieval)
38
Interference theory
Theory of forgetting that posits that competing information blocks retrieval
39
Tachtiscope
Instrument used in cognitive or memory experiments that presents visual material (words or images) for a fraction of a second
40
Zeigamik effect
Tendency to recall uncompleted tasks better than completed ones