thinking

Question 1

cognition

Answer 1

• thoughts
• memory
• consciousness
• way in which our brain organises things

Question 2

concepts

Answer 2

• mental categories

Question 3

schema

Answer 3

• larger mental categories
• includes concepts

Question 4

prototypes

Answer 4

best possible representation of a concept of schema

Question 5

rationality

Answer 5

• “to reason”
• we believe being rational is good
• normative

Question 6

normative

Answer 6

creating or stating particular rules of behaviour or expressing value judgments

Question 7

logic

Answer 7

• way of making sense of a situation
• put in premises -> draw conclusions

Question 8

conjunction fallacy

Answer 8

• occurs when it is assumed that specific conditions are more probable than a single general one
• linda problem: in both cases, she is a bank teller

Question 9

algorithm

Answer 9

step by step set of instructions that always produce the intended result

Question 10

heuristic

Answer 10

• general problem-solving framework
• mental shortcuts used to solve problems
• ex. “rule of thumb”

Question 11

affect

Answer 11

emotions

Question 12

anchoring

Answer 12

use first piece of info as an anchor/comparison point

Question 13

authority

Answer 13

ask authority figure

Question 14

availability

Answer 14

• scan brain -> use information readily available to us
• ex. memory

Question 15

effort

Answer 15

things that require more effort -> higher reward

Question 16

familiarity

Answer 16

rate things that are familiar to us higher than things that are foreign

Question 17

fluency

Answer 17

more inclined to do things that come naturally to us

Question 18

representativeness

Answer 18

try to understand something based on how similar it is to our prototypes

Question 19

scarcity

Answer 19

if something rare -> of higher value

Question 20

trial and error

Answer 20

repeated, varied attempts which are continued until success

Question 21

insight

Answer 21

• a sudden comprehension that solves a problem
• type of insight -> depends on which part of brain that is working

Question 22

fixation

Answer 22

inability to break out of mental set

Question 23

mental set

Answer 23

• where you persist in approaching a problem in a way that has worked in the past
• shapes how we think about information
• usually what stops us from solving insight problems

Question 24

intuition

Answer 24

ability to know valid solutions to problems and the making of decisions without conscious reasoning

Question 25

belief perseverance

Answer 25

continue believing in something even when presented with evidence that it is the contrary

Question 26

framing

Answer 26

way in which question is framed will impact our decision making

Question 27

sunk-cost fallacy

Answer 27

• when we put money, energy, etc. into something -> more likely to keep pushing on

Question 28

homo economicus

Answer 28

• portrayal of humans as agents who are consistently rational and narrowly self-interested
• real humans do not act in economic favour

Question 29

rational choice theory

Answer 29

• a set of guidelines that help understand economic and social behaviour
• explains how people make choices based on costs and rewards

Question 30

expected utility

Answer 30

$ * probabilty

Question 31

bounded rationality

Answer 31

theory that addresses our capacites, time limitations, and scarcity of information

Question 32

objective value

Answer 32

what something actually is in reality

Question 33

subjective value

Answer 33

• what something means from person to person
• declines with increasing delay, risk, effort, etc

Question 34

discount rate

Answer 34

determines decision-making styles (ex. impulsivity)

Question 35

prospect theory

Answer 35

theory that explains how people’s decisions are influenced by their attitudes toward risk, uncertainty, loss, and gain.

Question 36

loss aversion

Answer 36

risk-seeking to avoid losses

Question 37

risk aversion

Answer 37

risk-avoiding to keep gains

Question 38

certainty effect

Answer 38

humans prefer definite options and avoid uncertain ones

Question 39

satisficing

Answer 39

• select first option that meets criteria
• happier with choices

Question 40

maximizing

Answer 40

• consider and compare all options
• experience more decision regret

Question 41

creativity

Answer 41

ability to produce new and valuable ideas

Question 42

divergent thinking

Answer 42

expanding possible ways to work with information

Question 43

convergent thinking

Answer 43

• problem solving
• narrowing available problem to get to solution

Question 44

expertise

Answer 44

learn rules to break rules

Question 45

imaginative thinking skills

Answer 45

sense patterns in world -> think about things differently than others

Question 46

venturesome personality

Answer 46

tolerant to risk and failure

Question 47

intrinsic motivation

Answer 47

people tend to be more creative when doing something just because they want to

Question 48

creative environment

Answer 48

• being around other creative minded people increases creativity
• having space to be creative increases creativity

Question 49

Thorndike’s Law of Effect

Answer 49

behaviour that is followed by consequences satisfying to the organism will be repeated and vice versa