memory Flashcards
memory
- persistence of learning over time
recall
- generate material with little to no cues
- reconstruction
recognition
- recognize information
- information is familiar to us
- not deep form of memory
relearning
the process of relearning knowledge or abilities that have been learned in the past but have been lost to memory through time
ebbinghaus’ retention curve
as rehearsal increases -> relearning time decreases
encoding
create nervous system code (pattern of firing in the brain)
retrieving
pull from storage back to working memory
a memory
change in structure+function of synapses
storage
change synapse so it is easier to recreate patterns in the brain
working memory
- space in which you can work with materials that you are holding on to
- can hold items briefly
- capacity varies
- decays without rehearsal
retrograde amnesia
- lost past memories -> mostly immediate preceeding events
- still remember old memories
anterograde amnesia
can’t form new memories
consolidation
- encoding from working to long-term
- in the hippocampus
two memory systems
- automatic: implicit memories
- effortful: explicit memories
implicit memories
- non-declarative
- without conscious recall
- basal ganglia and cerebellum
- learn by doing
examples of implicit memories
- space, time, frequency (where you ate dinner yesterday)
- motor and cognitive skills (riding a bike)
- classical conditioning
explicit memories
- declarative
- with conscious recall
- hippocampus and temporal lobes
examples of explicit memories
- semantic memory: facts and general knowledge
- episodic memory: personally experienced events
sensory memory
- first stage in forming explicit memories
- immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system
iconic memory
picture-image memory
echoic memory
sound memory
working memory capacity
- max amount of information one can accurately retrieve from WM
- predicts many other aspects of cognition (ex. measures of intelligence)
- e.g. magic number
shallow processing
initial process of learning
deep processing
- semantic understanding
- bigger picture, what does something really mean
remembered memories are labile
fragile, manipulable
retrieval cues
- priming
- context-dependent memory/encoding specificity principle
- state-dependent memory/mood-congruent memory
- serial position effect (primacy and recency)
priming
- activation of a network of ideas
- e.x. someone primed with the colour yellow when asked to name a fruit -> likely to name banana or lemon
context-dependent memory
more likely to remember information in the same place you learned it in
state-dependent memory
- best recollection if in same state as when something happened
- ex. same mood as studying and writing test
- ex. if happy when asked to remember something -> more likely to remember a happy memory
primacy effect
- remember things at the beginning
- lasts longer
recency effect
- remember things at the end
- short-term/goes away
misinformation effect
misremember things based on the questions people are asking
imagination effect
if asked to imagine something over and over again -> more likely to believe it actually happened
reconsolidation effect
more times you tell a story -> more misconstrued it becomes
eyewitness memory
- our memories are heavily biased by the questions we are asked
- true for children and adults
