memory

Question 1

memory

Answer 1

• persistence of learning over time

Question 2

recall

Answer 2

• generate material with little to no cues
• reconstruction

Question 3

recognition

Answer 3

• recognize information
• information is familiar to us
• not deep form of memory

Question 4

relearning

Answer 4

the process of relearning knowledge or abilities that have been learned in the past but have been lost to memory through time

Question 5

ebbinghaus’ retention curve

Answer 5

as rehearsal increases -> relearning time decreases

Question 6

encoding

Answer 6

create nervous system code (pattern of firing in the brain)

Question 7

retrieving

Answer 7

pull from storage back to working memory

Question 7

a memory

Answer 7

change in structure+function of synapses

Question 8

storage

Answer 8

change synapse so it is easier to recreate patterns in the brain

Question 9

working memory

Answer 9

• space in which you can work with materials that you are holding on to
• can hold items briefly
• capacity varies
• decays without rehearsal

Question 10

retrograde amnesia

Answer 10

• lost past memories -> mostly immediate preceeding events
• still remember old memories

Question 11

anterograde amnesia

Answer 11

can’t form new memories

Question 12

consolidation

Answer 12

• encoding from working to long-term
• in the hippocampus

Question 13

two memory systems

Answer 13

• automatic: implicit memories
• effortful: explicit memories

Question 14

implicit memories

Answer 14

• non-declarative
• without conscious recall
• basal ganglia and cerebellum
• learn by doing

Question 15

examples of implicit memories

Answer 15

• space, time, frequency (where you ate dinner yesterday)
• motor and cognitive skills (riding a bike)
• classical conditioning

Question 16

explicit memories

Answer 16

• declarative
• with conscious recall
• hippocampus and temporal lobes

Question 17

examples of explicit memories

Answer 17

• semantic memory: facts and general knowledge
• episodic memory: personally experienced events

Question 18

sensory memory

Answer 18

• first stage in forming explicit memories
• immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system

Question 19

iconic memory

Answer 19

picture-image memory

Question 20

echoic memory

Answer 20

sound memory

Question 21

working memory capacity

Answer 21

• max amount of information one can accurately retrieve from WM
• predicts many other aspects of cognition (ex. measures of intelligence)
• e.g. magic number

Question 22

shallow processing

Answer 22

initial process of learning

Question 23

deep processing

Answer 23

• semantic understanding
• bigger picture, what does something really mean

Question 24

remembered memories are labile

Answer 24

fragile, manipulable

Question 25

retrieval cues

Answer 25

1. priming
2. context-dependent memory/encoding specificity principle
3. state-dependent memory/mood-congruent memory
4. serial position effect (primacy and recency)

Question 26

priming

Answer 26

• activation of a network of ideas
• e.x. someone primed with the colour yellow when asked to name a fruit -> likely to name banana or lemon

Question 27

context-dependent memory

Answer 27

more likely to remember information in the same place you learned it in

Question 28

state-dependent memory

Answer 28

• best recollection if in same state as when something happened
• ex. same mood as studying and writing test
• ex. if happy when asked to remember something -> more likely to remember a happy memory

Question 29

primacy effect

Answer 29

• remember things at the beginning
• lasts longer

Question 30

recency effect

Answer 30

• remember things at the end
• short-term/goes away

Question 31

misinformation effect

Answer 31

misremember things based on the questions people are asking

Question 32

imagination effect

Answer 32

if asked to imagine something over and over again -> more likely to believe it actually happened

Question 33

reconsolidation effect

Answer 33

more times you tell a story -> more misconstrued it becomes

Question 34

eyewitness memory

Answer 34

• our memories are heavily biased by the questions we are asked
• true for children and adults