learning

Question 1

what is learning

Answer 1

process of acquiring, though experience, new information or behaviours

Question 2

learn through…

Answer 2

• associative learning
• consequences
• acquisition of mental information

Question 3

unconditioned stimulus

Answer 3

• natural stimulus
• ex. food

Question 4

unconditioned response

Answer 4

• natural response to stimulus
• ex. salivation

Question 5

neutral stimulus

Answer 5

stimulus that does not naturally elicit a reponse

Question 6

conditioned stimulus

Answer 6

stimulus that elicits a response after repeatedly being paired with unconditioned stimulus

Question 7

conditioned response

Answer 7

behaviour caused by conditioned stimulus

Question 8

aquisition

Answer 8

• initial period of learning
• organism learns to connect neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus

Question 9

generalisation

Answer 9

learning applies to different situations

Question 10

discrimination

Answer 10

distinguish between different stimulus

Question 11

reinforcement

Answer 11

more of that action

Question 12

punishment

Answer 12

less of that action

Question 13

shaping

Answer 13

gradual, subsequent learning

Question 14

positive reinforcement

Answer 14

reward

Question 15

negative reinforcement

Answer 15

• take away a bad thing
• taking ibuprofen -> removes headache -> reinforces taking ibuprofen

Question 16

primary reinforcer

Answer 16

• have innate reinforcing qualities
• not learned
• ex. food, water, sleep, etc

Question 17

conditioned (secondary) reinforcer

Answer 17

• only has reinforcing qualities when linked with a primary reinforcer
• ex. money only worth something because you can buy things

Question 18

fixed-ratio schedule

Answer 18

get reward after certain times of doing behaviour

Question 19

variable-ratio schedule

Answer 19

• on average, get rewarded after certain times of doing behaviour (varies)

Question 20

fixed-interval schedule

Answer 20

certain time in between rewards

Question 21

variable-interval schedule

Answer 21

average amount of time between rewards

Question 22

positive punishment

Answer 22

bad thing happening to you

Question 23

negative punishment

Answer 23

good thing taken away

Question 24

latent learning

Answer 24

leaning in absence of reward

Question 25

observational learning

Answer 25

• higher animals learn without direct experience by watching and imitating others

Question 26

ventral premotor cortex

Answer 26

associated with planning

Question 27

prosocial effect

Answer 27

modelling good behaviour has positive effects on people around you