Thinking Flashcards
Thinking can be described as the
Flexible organisation and manipulation of internal representations
In the brains attempt to create accurate representations of the world __________ may occur.
Illusions
Brain often integrates perceptual information with __________. This can be in the form of ___________ of occurrence, or other features of the object such as ___________.
context, probability of occurrence, and sound
The ventriloquist effect occurs when _______________________________________.
the perceived location of the sound has shifted location from where at actually originates
The McGurk effect occurs when ____________________________________.
the perceived sound of a spoken syllable is altered by an incongruent visual lip movement.
The two earliest figures in thinking and pereception were _______ and __________.
Von Helmholtz and Wundt
Bayesian cognition is the idea that humans _____________________________, whereas Kahneman suggests that humans fail ___________________________.
Bayes - humans compute based off of algorithms we are evolved to have
Kahneman - fail at taking prior probabilities into account
The Kolmogorov axioms are simplified into what 3 principles?
1 probabilities lie between 1 and 0
2 certain events have a probability of 1
3 probabilities of all possible separate events add up to 1
What is conditional probability? or P(A/B)
The probability of one event given another probability of A given B
P(O/H1) refers to
likelihood - the probability of observation given hypothesis is true
P(H1) refers to
prior probability of H1 being true
P(O) refers to
prior probability of making an observation
P(H1/O) refers to
the posterior probability, of H1 given observation O was made
Prior probability on posterior probability depends on strength of observations. If likelihood is __________, then prior probability is _________
Likelihood = deterministic then prior probability is irrelevant
Bayes Theorem expresses the ultimate importance of what?
A Heuristics B statistics C prior probability D posterior probability
C prior probability
For a bayesian perceptual inference, the posterior probability is the called the ______________, the likelihood is called the _____________, and the prior probability is related to ______
perceptual hypothesis, sensory evidence, causes
Increasing our certainty about the properties of objects involves ____________
combining sensory modalities
A wider Probability density function distribution, leads to a _________slope in the cumulative density function
A flatter B steeper C reversed D fully vertical
A flatter
The probability density function is shown as a _______________, whereas the cumulative density function is shown as a __________
Prob = distribution
Cumulative = slope
Ernst and Banks studies attempt to visualise the combination and weight of what two types of sensory modalities?
Visual -
Haptic/somatosensory
True or false, Visual haptic integration studies that we do apply Bayes optimal computations to judge objects?
True
Humans have a general bias to underestimate what?
Motion speeds
What type of speeds are more present in natural environments?
slower speeds
Stocker and simoncelli showed that we integrate __________________ with our observation of gratings, when gratings are_________.
Natural tendency to underestimate motion speeds - when gratings were ambiguous
