Thinking Flashcards
Thinking can be described as the
Flexible organisation and manipulation of internal representations
In the brains attempt to create accurate representations of the world __________ may occur.
Illusions
Brain often integrates perceptual information with __________. This can be in the form of ___________ of occurrence, or other features of the object such as ___________.
context, probability of occurrence, and sound
The ventriloquist effect occurs when _______________________________________.
the perceived location of the sound has shifted location from where at actually originates
The McGurk effect occurs when ____________________________________.
the perceived sound of a spoken syllable is altered by an incongruent visual lip movement.
The two earliest figures in thinking and pereception were _______ and __________.
Von Helmholtz and Wundt
Bayesian cognition is the idea that humans _____________________________, whereas Kahneman suggests that humans fail ___________________________.
Bayes - humans compute based off of algorithms we are evolved to have
Kahneman - fail at taking prior probabilities into account
The Kolmogorov axioms are simplified into what 3 principles?
1 probabilities lie between 1 and 0
2 certain events have a probability of 1
3 probabilities of all possible separate events add up to 1
What is conditional probability? or P(A/B)
The probability of one event given another probability of A given B
P(O/H1) refers to
likelihood - the probability of observation given hypothesis is true
P(H1) refers to
prior probability of H1 being true
P(O) refers to
prior probability of making an observation
P(H1/O) refers to
the posterior probability, of H1 given observation O was made
Prior probability on posterior probability depends on strength of observations. If likelihood is __________, then prior probability is _________
Likelihood = deterministic then prior probability is irrelevant
Bayes Theorem expresses the ultimate importance of what?
A Heuristics B statistics C prior probability D posterior probability
C prior probability
For a bayesian perceptual inference, the posterior probability is the called the ______________, the likelihood is called the _____________, and the prior probability is related to ______
perceptual hypothesis, sensory evidence, causes
Increasing our certainty about the properties of objects involves ____________
combining sensory modalities
A wider Probability density function distribution, leads to a _________slope in the cumulative density function
A flatter B steeper C reversed D fully vertical
A flatter
The probability density function is shown as a _______________, whereas the cumulative density function is shown as a __________
Prob = distribution
Cumulative = slope
Ernst and Banks studies attempt to visualise the combination and weight of what two types of sensory modalities?
Visual -
Haptic/somatosensory
True or false, Visual haptic integration studies that we do apply Bayes optimal computations to judge objects?
True
Humans have a general bias to underestimate what?
Motion speeds
What type of speeds are more present in natural environments?
slower speeds
Stocker and simoncelli showed that we integrate __________________ with our observation of gratings, when gratings are_________.
Natural tendency to underestimate motion speeds - when gratings were ambiguous
One criticism of stocker and Simoncellis study is that they were unable to manipulate what?
Prior probability
Descriptive models of decision making emphasise how_______________________ regardless of the ______________
Emphasis on process - how decision models operate,regardless of outcome
Normative models of decision making evaluates a decision in terms of what?
In terms of whether or not the outcome of the decision meets the goals of the decision maker
Does rational thinking follow normative or descriptive models?
Normative
