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Perception Flashcards

1
Q

True or false, perception is a one to one mapping of reality?

A

False

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2
Q

What is this Illusiuon known as? <—–> >—–<

A

Muller-Lyer Illusion

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3
Q

The perceptual process is: A - Simple, B-Complex , C-Active, D - B&C

A

D- Both active and complex

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4
Q

How Many Visual Areas are there?, and what % of the cortex do they make up?

A

30 areas making up 50% of the cortex

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5
Q

In the visual system there are roughly ____ Photoreceptors, _____ cells, and each cell has _____ connections?

A

100 million, 100 billion, 4000

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6
Q

What was the name of Felleman and Van essens (1991) diagram showing the connections between the visual areas? A - Visual associations diagram, B - Visual Mapping diagram, C - Partial Wiring Diagaram, D - Wired connections Diagram.

A

C- Partial Wiring Diagram

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7
Q

What is the most understood and studied sensory modality?

A

Vision

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8
Q

Psychophysics is the oldest branch of psychology developed by?

A

Weber and Fechner

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9
Q

What techniques does detection thresholds use to study perception?

A

Limits and adjustment, and constant stimuli

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10
Q

A candle flame can be seen from how far away on a clear, dark night?

A

30 miles

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11
Q

An insects wing can be felt on someone’s back when dropped from as minimum of what height?

A

1cm

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12
Q

Discrimination thresholds using what measure as the basis for discrimation/

A

JND- JUST NOTICEABLE DIFFERENCE

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13
Q

Green and gets came up with what theory to explain how perceptual systems are not correct 100% of the time and can be disrupted by noise?

A

Signal detection theory

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14
Q

Single Cell recording involves the use of what device to measure electrical activity in cells?

A

Microelectrodes

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15
Q

Firing rate is measured in A- Hz per second, B-Action potentials per second, C-action potentials per minute, D hz per minute

A

B - action potentials per second

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16
Q

The PSTH stands for what? and displays what?

A

Peri Stimulus time histogram, and displays when the firing rate of cell is highest in response to a stimulus

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17
Q

Single cell recording is A- determinist, B - Reductionist, C- evidence that cells are feature detectors, D- B and C

A

B- reductionist

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18
Q

Both EEG’s and MEG’s when studying the brain have good temporal resolution, but poor what?

A

Poor Spatial Resolution

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19
Q

Taste and smell are referred to as the ____ senses?

A

Chemical

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20
Q

Taste receptors are known as _____, and smell receptors are known as _____? Together they are known as the ____?

A

Gustatory, olfactory and chemoreceptors

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21
Q

Smell has a evolutionary role in A- For detecting predators B- In mating, for detecting pheromones , C - for detecting prey D- Al of the above

A

D- smell has a role in all of these

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22
Q

What are the 4 primary taste qualities?

A

salty, sour, sweet, bitter

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23
Q

Bitter substances are typically what type of chemical?

A

Alkaloids

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24
Q

Taste buds can be found on bumps called _____ on the tongue, and an average human has how many taste buds?

A

Papillae, and 10,000 taste buds

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25
Q

According to Smallman and Beidler, the average lifespan of a taste bud is? A-1 day, B - 10 days, C- 1month, D-10 weeks

A

B-10 days

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26
Q

Chemicals dissolved in saliva come into contact with finger like structures known as what?

A

Microvili

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27
Q

What are the 3 types of afferant nerve fibres carrying info from taste buds?

A

Chorda tympani (front tongue), Glossopharyngeal (back tongue), Vagus (throat)

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28
Q

Pfaffmans theory that each neuron is tuned to respond best to particular taste substances is known as what?

A

Cross-Fiber Theory

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29
Q

Taste sensitivity is greatest between what range of temperatures? A-0-10 celcius, B- 11-21 celcius, C - 22-32 celcius, D- 33-44 celcius.

A

C - 22-32 degrees celcius

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30
Q

What type of substance is the tongue most sensitive to?

A

Bitter tasting substances

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31
Q

Nontasters and Supertasters are tested for taste sensitivity using what two extreme tasting substances? A-THC and cocaine, B- NA and H20, C- HCL and Phospate, D- PTC and PROP

A

D- PTC and PROP

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32
Q

What 6 types of odours did Henning (1916) attempt to categorise odours under, and why was he unsuccsessful ?

A

fragrant, putrid, ethereal, burned, resinous and spicy, yet there were ultimately too many odours to form primary odours

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33
Q

Natural odours are A-organic, B- inorganic, C-volatile D- A&C

A

D- organic and volatile

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34
Q

Olfactory receptors are located in the ______, humans have ______ of them and they are replaced every ______ weeks?

A

Olfactory epitheleum, 10 million, and every 4-8 weeks

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35
Q

What are the finger like receptor cites at where odorants are transported to olfactory receptors?

A

Cilia

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36
Q

The Lock and Key hypothesis in smell reception (Amoore) suggests what?

A

It suggests that Specific cilia proteins have a unique structure where the matching odorant proteins bind to if they have the right size and shape

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37
Q

How many parts of mercaptan (foul smelling substance) is detectable by olfactory receptors in how many parts of air?

A

1 part mercaptan per 50 billion parts of air

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38
Q

True or false ? females have better smell sensitivity than men

A

true

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39
Q

Odour blindness is known as A- Anosmia, B- Amnesia, C- Agnosia D -hypernosmia

A

A- Anosmia

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40
Q

Of the senses taste and smell, which is largely dependent on the other?

A

Taste is dependent on smell

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41
Q

Name one reason touch is distinct from the other senses ?

A

Possible answers: distributed throughout the body, each receptor responds to a wide range of sensations,

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42
Q

Who suggested the functional differentiation of skin receptors?

A

Iggo, 1976

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43
Q

What is the hairless skin on your palms, fingertips, and feet soles called?

A

Glabrous skin

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44
Q

What are the 4 main mechanoreceptors?

A

parcinian corpuscles, meissner corpuscles, merkel discs, and ruffini endings

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45
Q

How many mechanoreceptors are on the hand? A- 1000, B-10,000, C-17000, D-170,000

A

C-17000

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46
Q

Spatial properties of mechanoreceptors refer to what?

A

The size of its receptive field

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47
Q

What statement about the parcinian corpuscle is false? A- it is the largest field of the mechanoreceptors, B- it is the deepest rooted receptor, C-It is the most numerous receptor, D- it is the most studied receptor

A

C- it is false that the parcinan corpsuscle is the most numerous, it is in fact the least numerous

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48
Q

At what sensitivity is the parcinian corpuscle greatest at?

A

250hz

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49
Q

What is the pathway called which transports touch info from receptors to the brain stem?

A

lemniscal pathway

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50
Q

What are the two ways of measuring sensitivity thresholds of touch receptors?

A

Absolute sensitivity and Two point localisation threshold

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51
Q

Which skin region is the most sensitive according to absolute sensitivity thresholds? A-the face, B- the foot, C- the back, D- the hand

A

A- the face

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52
Q

The Somatosensory homunculus attempts to show what about the relationship between cortical areas and the body?

A

It shows how the most sensitive skin areas have a larger weight the cortex, and the cortex is not evenly distributed for all parts of the body

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53
Q

Active touch uses what type of receptor?

A

Proprioceptors

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54
Q

Haptics, describes the combination between____?

A

Info about movement (active touch) and touch info (mechanoreceptors)

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55
Q

Klartsy et al (1985) found that people were what % accurate at identifying objects when blindfolded, using feel? A-30%, B55%, C- 75%, D-95%

A

D-95%

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56
Q

What is the effect known as which means humans cannot resolve fine detail when touching objects such as raised letters, but means they can read braille accurately?

A

The Blurring Effect

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57
Q

What did Melzack (1973) find which shows the evolutionary benefit of pain?

A

Pathological pain insensitivity can lead to death

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58
Q

Pain receptors are known as A-mechanoreceptors, B-nociceptors, C-proprioceptors, D- None

A

B-nociceptors

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59
Q

Pain receptors are possibly located where?

A

Free nerve endings

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60
Q

Melzack and Walls Gate control theory describes how T cells send pain and touch info to the brain, but what allows or inhibits this info, acting as a gate?

A

SG - Sunstantia Gelatinosa

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61
Q

What are the 2 factors affecting how we see the reflected light on an object?

A

Wavelength and luminance

62
Q

Wavelength is associated with _________, whilst luminance is associated with _______/_______?

A

Colour vision and intensity/brightness

63
Q

Coarse changes in luminace reflect an objects_______, whilst fine changes in luminance reflect _______

A

Overall shape, fine detail

64
Q

What are the simple building blocks which the luminance of images can be broken down to known as ?

A

Sinusoidal gratings

65
Q

Of sinusoidal gratings, which space axis (x and y) is constant, and which varies?

A

X axis varies, and y axis remains constant

66
Q

What are the defining dimensions/characteristics of sinusoidal gratings?

A

Spatial frequency, contrast, orientation, and spatial phase

67
Q

If the there are many bars in one sinusoidal grating, yet the difference in intensity between the bars is very little, the grating has a _______ spatial frequency, but a ______ contrast?

A

high SF, low contrast

68
Q

What is Fourier Synthesis?

A

The mathematical possibility to form any image using sinusoidal gratings, varying on the four dimensions

69
Q

Which famous scientist did devalois and devalois (1990) depict using sinusoidal gratings, showing the possibility of fourier analysis? A- Oppenheimer, B- Charles Darwin, B- Isaac Newton, D- Albert Einstein

A

D- Albert Einstein

70
Q

What is the process of measuring participants responses to individual sinusoidal gratings and using this to predict how they will respond to a complex image ?

A

Modulation Transfer Function (MTF)

71
Q

What does the Contrast Sensitivity Function measure?

A

The minimum amount of contrast needed to see a sinusoidal grating pattern (sensitivity) under different Spatial frequencies.m

72
Q

We are most sensitive to spatial frequencies between ______ c/deg, yet we are insensitive to extremely ______ and ______ spatial frequencies.

A

2-6, high and low

73
Q

How can the centre-surround system of RG cells explain our low sensitivity to Low SF gratings?

A

The centre-surround cells are not as responsive when the receptive field has little changes in luminance

74
Q

Photopic range refers to ______, Mesopic range refers to_____, and Scoptic range refers to ______

A

Daytime, twilight, and darkness

75
Q

What happens to our sensitivity of SF gratings when luminance decreases (it gets darker)?

A

Our sensitivity of high SF gratings worsens

76
Q

Temporal frequency of sinusoidal gratings refers to what?

A

The flickering rate

77
Q

________ cells are responsive to gratings with high flickering rate of low SF gratings, whereas ______ cells are responsive to constant yet high SF gratings

A

Magnocellular, parvocellular

78
Q

What type of visual acuity test uses letters to measure resolution acuity? A- landholt rings, B- snellen eye chart, C- parallel bars D - CSF

A

B- the Snellen eye chart

79
Q

What is not an true of using visual acuity tests? A-they are very quick to adminster and assess B-they can tell us about neural issues C-they can tell us about optical issues D- they can be used to easily diagnose optical issues

A

B- unfortunately they cannot tell us about neural issues, obly optical issues

80
Q

What is an advantage of using CSF? A-They can be used to predict complex visual scenes such as what pilots may see under varying weather conditions, B- They pick up much more than visual acuity tests can , C- They are easy to adminstere , D- Both A and B

A

D- both A and B

81
Q

Humans are sensitive to what mm wavelength of light?

A

400mm - 700mm

82
Q

Visual field refers to __________

A

What proportion of the outside world the retina can see

83
Q

Degrees of visual angle refers to ______

A

What percentage of the retina an object takes up

84
Q

What part of the eye is known as the blind spot, and why?

A

The optic disc, as it is where optic nerves and blood vessels enter/exit

85
Q

What is the fluid filled chamber which nourishes the cornea? A-the iris, B-the lens, C- the anterior chamber, D-the vitreous chamber

A

C-the anterior chamber

86
Q

Which region of the macula contains the highest density of photoreceptors?

A

Fovea

87
Q

The duplex retina contains what 2 types of photoreceptors ?

A

Rods and Cones

88
Q

Cones are located mainly in the _____, they respond to _____, and are ______ dense than rods.

A

Fovea, colour, less

89
Q

Rods are located mainly in the ______, they respond in ______ light levels, and are ______ dense than cones.

A

periphery, low, more

90
Q

Which of these is not a cell located in the retina? A- H cells, B- T cells, C- Amacrine cells, D- Bipolar cells

A

B- T cells

91
Q

There are ______ million photoreceptors, compared to only ______ million RGC cells

A

127 million, 1.25 million

92
Q

What is the term which describes the area of a visual scene in which cells respond to?

A

Receptive Fields

93
Q

Firing rate of action potential of RGC’s can either _____ or ______ from the baseline

A

Increase or decrease

94
Q

What happens to the firing rate if light is presented in the surround of an on centre cell?

A

The firing rate will decrease

95
Q

Receptive fields are smaller or larger in the fovea?

A

Smaller

96
Q

Receptive fields increase by a factor of _____ the further they get from the fovea?

A

50

97
Q

Receptive fields in the fovea have _______ spatial resolution, whilst receptive fields in the periphery have ________ spatial resolution, but ______light sensitivity

A

high, low, high

98
Q

RG cells at this stage or selective to what? A- Contrasts, B- Orientation , C - Spatial Phase, D- A and C

A

D- They are responsive to contrasts and spatial phase, but not orientation selective

99
Q

What famous illusion displays the effect of centre-surround antagonism?

A

The hermann Grid illusion

100
Q

Smaller RF’s respond better to _____ sized objects , whilst Larger RF’s respond better to _____ sized objects

A

smaller, Larger

101
Q

M cells stand for_____, P cells stand for_____, K cells stand for______.

A

Magnocellular, Parvocellular, Koniocellular

102
Q

Magnocellular cells make up ___% of the RGC, are located in the ______, and have a ______ size RF. They detect info about ______ and _______

A

10, periphery, large, movement and location

103
Q

Parvocellular cells have a ______ size RF, are located in the _______ retina, and are sensitive to _______ and _______

A

Small, central, colour and what

104
Q

What is the point on the visual pathway where the optic nerve fibres cross to the opposing hemisphere?

A

Optic chiasm

105
Q

Ipsilateral fibres are fibres that ______, whereas contralateral fibres _______.

A

Do not cross hemispheres, do cross hemispheres.

106
Q

The LGN is located in the ______ A- Hypothalamus, B- Superior Colliculus C- Thalamus, D- Optic tract

A

C- Thalamus

107
Q

What % of axons from RGC’s project to the LGN?

A

80%

108
Q

Of the 6 LGN layers , M cells input into______, whilst P cells into _____ and K cells input ____

A

Layers 1 & 2, Layers 3-6, inbetween the layers.

109
Q

Ipsilateral fibres go to layers __, __ and ____, whilst contralateral fibres go to layers __, __ and __.

A

2, 3 and 5 for ipsilateral, 1,4 and 6 for contralateral.

110
Q

Retinotopy of the LGN refers to what?

A

The idea that the visual scene projected onto the retina, maps accordingly onto each layer of the LGN, forming a retinotopic map

111
Q

Similar to RGC’S , LGN cells have what system.

A

An on-off, centre-surround system.

112
Q

LGN cells ON-OFF system operates for colour, leading to what effect?

A

Colour opponency.

113
Q

P layer cells are sensitive to _____, have a _____ RF size leading to _____ spatial resolution. M cells have a ______ RF size leading to -______ spatial resolution, but are more sensitive to ______ and ______.

A

P cells - colour, small Rf leads to high spatial resolution. M cells - large RF leading to poor spatial resolution, but sensitive to movement and rapid light changes.

114
Q

How many cells per hemisphere, are in the visual cortex?

A

100 million

115
Q

V1 cells are also layer organised. K cells are input into layers _____, LGN cells (P&M cells) are input into layer ______.

A

1-3, 4

116
Q

Magnocellular cells are input into _______ layer 4, Parvocellular cells are input into ______ layer 4.

A

upper for M cells, lower for P cells.

117
Q

What does ocular dominance of V1 cells refer to?

A

The idea that cells are organised into columns, where all of the layers in that column receive input from only one eye.

118
Q

About _____% of cortical cells are devoted to the central _____ degrees of the Visual Field. This effect is known as _______>

A

80% for only 10 degrees, This is cortical magnification.

119
Q

What is not a shared feature of V1 cells and LGN cells?
A- orientation selectivity, B-Retinotopy, C- layer organisation, D- Sensitivity to luminance changes .

A

A- LGN cells are not orientation selective

120
Q

What technique/s are used to create a map showing the orientation preference of V1 cells?

A

Staining and pinwheels.

121
Q

Which type of V1 cell is orientation selective, for anywhere in the receptive field? A- simple cells, B-complex cells, C- hypercomplex cells, D- K cells

A

B- complex cells

122
Q

Which type of V1 cell is orientation selective, but has on optimum response for specific stimuli lengths? A- Simple cells, B- complex cells, C- hypercomplex cells, D- K cells

A

C-hypercomplex cells

123
Q

What term refers to V1 cells which respond best when a stimulus is shown in both eyes ?

A

Binocularity

124
Q

Colour sensitive V1 cells receive input from ? A- M cells, B-P Cells, D - K cells. D- T cells

A

B- P cells

125
Q

Simple cells respond best to ______ speed movement, whilst Complex cells respond best to _______ speed movement.

A

Slow, Fast

126
Q

Around how many columns form a hypercolumn? and what is the name of this model?

A

18-20 Columns, Ice cube model

127
Q

Hue refers to _____. Brightness refers to ______. Saturation refers to _______

A

Red-blue distinction, light intensity, Pale/vibrancy

128
Q

What is a metamer?

A

Stimuli that are perceptually identical (see them the same) but are physically different.

129
Q

S cones encode ______ colours, M cones encode -____ colours, L cones encode _______

A

Blue for s cones, green for m cones, red for L cones

130
Q

What does the principle of univariance tell us ?

A

That one cone type alone cannot see colour, and that more than one is needed to perceive colour.

131
Q

If having 3 cone types makes someone a trichromat , how many cone types does a pentachromat have ? A- 1 cone type, B- 2 cone types, C- 4 cone types D- 5 cone types

A

D- 5 cone types

132
Q

What do retinal topographic cone mosaics NOT suggest about cone distribution? A- there are no S (blue) cones in the fovea B- Cone distribution is random C-Cone distribution is the same in every person D- There are fewer S cones than M or L cones

A

C- Cone distribution is does in fact vary person to person

133
Q

Staring at a blue image bordering a yellow background for too long will result in what colour afterimage A- yellow image with blue border B- Green image with blue border C- Red image with blue border D-Yellow image with green border

A

A- yellow image with blue border

134
Q

True or false, as well as RGC’s with centre-surround antagonism, there are RGC’s which respond to certain colours switched on anywhere in the RF

A

True

135
Q

Layers 3-6 of the LGN have two chromatic channels known as what? They are what two colour channels?

A

Cardinals, with blue colour channels and red-green colour channels

136
Q

V1 Cells which have inhibitory and excitatory effects in the RF’s of both the centre and the surround are known as what?

A

Double opponent RF’s

137
Q

What is the effect which makes the same colour appear different under different hues and brightness?

A

Chromatic induction

138
Q

Acquired CVD’s can occur by ______. CVD’s can also be congenital with men having a ____ % chance, and females having a ____% chance.

A

Damage to V4, men = 8%, women = 0.5%

139
Q

deuteranopia refers to a missing _____ cone pigment, Protanopia refers to a missing ______ pigment, Tritanopia refers to a missing _____ cone pigment.

A

M cone = deuteranopia, L cone = protanopia, S cone = tritanopia.

140
Q

The ventral stream is associated with the _____ of objects. It involves the ____ in the visual cortex. Damage to this can lead to _______.

A

What , V4, visual agnosia

141
Q

The dorsal stream is associated with _____ and _____ of objects. It involves the ____ and ____ in the visual cortex.

A

Where and how, V5 AND V6

142
Q

What are David Marr’s 3 levels of analysis he suggests in a computational approach to object recognition.

A

Computational, algorithmic and implementational

143
Q

Which model of object recognition suggests that in order to recognise an abject under different variations, we have detectors for every single variation in shape, orientation, distance, position, pov etc for each object? A- template matching models B-Selfridges pandemonium model C- structural description models D- View dependent model

A

A- template matching model

144
Q

Which model of object recognition suggests that we have 3 levels of receptors for object recognition, one which detects features of the object and makes note, on which fires if the feature matches the object that is in its receptive field, and one which decides which detector has the largest firing rate leading to the recognition of that object? A- template matching models B-Selfridges pandemonium model C- structural description models D- View dependent model

A

B- selfridges pandemonium model

145
Q

Which model of object recognition takes an object based approach, suggesting that when recognising an object we detect the primitives of an object, which are basic volumetric features such as cylinders. Whichever set of volumetric combinations best matches our model is what we recognise as the object. A- template matching models B-Selfridges pandemonium model C- structural description models D- View dependent model

A

C- structural description models

146
Q

Which model of object recognition takes a viewer based approach, suggesting that the primitives of an image are abstract features such as corners, vertical lines, bumps etc, which are detected by view tuned object recognition cells, and takes a weight approach in deciding which is the best match? A- template matching models B-Selfridges pandemonium model C- structural description models D- View dependent model

A

D- View dependent model

147
Q

What is the phenomenon known as which means we have a tendency to perceive faces in inanimate objects when there isnt a face present.

A

Pareidolia

148
Q

What is the area in the brain selective for face recognition and processing?

A

Fusiform Face Area (ffa)

149
Q

Which theory suggests that humans are especially adapted to recognising faces ?

A

Domain specificity hypothesis

150
Q

What effect is strict to facial recognition? A-Inversion effect, B-Part whole effect, C- configuration effect D- FFA activation

A

C- Configuration effect

151
Q

What does the part-whole effect, sensitivity to facial configuration, and the composite effect suggest about facial recognition?

A

That we process faces holistically.

152
Q

The expertise effect suggests that we are not specifically tuned to recognise _____, but all objects in which we are ______ in recognising.

A

Faces, and experts

COG (5 decks)

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