Perception Flashcards
1
Q
True or false, perception is a one to one mapping of reality?
A
False
2
Q
What is this Illusiuon known as? <—–> >—–<
A
Muller-Lyer Illusion
3
Q
The perceptual process is: A - Simple, B-Complex , C-Active, D - B&C
A
D- Both active and complex
4
Q
How Many Visual Areas are there?, and what % of the cortex do they make up?
A
30 areas making up 50% of the cortex
5
Q
In the visual system there are roughly ____ Photoreceptors, _____ cells, and each cell has _____ connections?
A
100 million, 100 billion, 4000
6
Q
What was the name of Felleman and Van essens (1991) diagram showing the connections between the visual areas? A - Visual associations diagram, B - Visual Mapping diagram, C - Partial Wiring Diagaram, D - Wired connections Diagram.
A
C- Partial Wiring Diagram
7
Q
What is the most understood and studied sensory modality?
A
Vision
8
Q
Psychophysics is the oldest branch of psychology developed by?
A
Weber and Fechner
9
Q
What techniques does detection thresholds use to study perception?
A
Limits and adjustment, and constant stimuli
10
Q
A candle flame can be seen from how far away on a clear, dark night?
A
30 miles
11
Q
An insects wing can be felt on someone’s back when dropped from as minimum of what height?
A
1cm
12
Q
Discrimination thresholds using what measure as the basis for discrimation/
A
JND- JUST NOTICEABLE DIFFERENCE
13
Q
Green and gets came up with what theory to explain how perceptual systems are not correct 100% of the time and can be disrupted by noise?
A
Signal detection theory
14
Q
Single Cell recording involves the use of what device to measure electrical activity in cells?
A
Microelectrodes
15
Q
Firing rate is measured in A- Hz per second, B-Action potentials per second, C-action potentials per minute, D hz per minute
A
B - action potentials per second
16
Q
The PSTH stands for what? and displays what?
A
Peri Stimulus time histogram, and displays when the firing rate of cell is highest in response to a stimulus
17
Q
Single cell recording is A- determinist, B - Reductionist, C- evidence that cells are feature detectors, D- B and C
A
B- reductionist
18
Q
Both EEG’s and MEG’s when studying the brain have good temporal resolution, but poor what?
A
Poor Spatial Resolution
19
Q
Taste and smell are referred to as the ____ senses?
A
Chemical
20
Q
Taste receptors are known as _____, and smell receptors are known as _____? Together they are known as the ____?
A
Gustatory, olfactory and chemoreceptors
21
Q
Smell has a evolutionary role in A- For detecting predators B- In mating, for detecting pheromones , C - for detecting prey D- Al of the above
A
D- smell has a role in all of these
22
Q
What are the 4 primary taste qualities?
A
salty, sour, sweet, bitter
23
Q
Bitter substances are typically what type of chemical?
A
Alkaloids
24
Q
Taste buds can be found on bumps called _____ on the tongue, and an average human has how many taste buds?
A
Papillae, and 10,000 taste buds
25
According to Smallman and Beidler, the average lifespan of a taste bud is? A-1 day, B - 10 days, C- 1month, D-10 weeks
B-10 days
26
Chemicals dissolved in saliva come into contact with finger like structures known as what?
Microvili
27
What are the 3 types of afferant nerve fibres carrying info from taste buds?
Chorda tympani (front tongue), Glossopharyngeal (back tongue), Vagus (throat)
28
Pfaffmans theory that each neuron is tuned to respond best to particular taste substances is known as what?
Cross-Fiber Theory
29
Taste sensitivity is greatest between what range of temperatures? A-0-10 celcius, B- 11-21 celcius, C - 22-32 celcius, D- 33-44 celcius.
C - 22-32 degrees celcius
30
What type of substance is the tongue most sensitive to?
Bitter tasting substances
31
Nontasters and Supertasters are tested for taste sensitivity using what two extreme tasting substances? A-THC and cocaine, B- NA and H20, C- HCL and Phospate, D- PTC and PROP
D- PTC and PROP
32
What 6 types of odours did Henning (1916) attempt to categorise odours under, and why was he unsuccsessful ?
fragrant, putrid, ethereal, burned, resinous and spicy, yet there were ultimately too many odours to form primary odours
33
Natural odours are A-organic, B- inorganic, C-volatile D- A&C
D- organic and volatile
34
Olfactory receptors are located in the ______, humans have ______ of them and they are replaced every ______ weeks?
Olfactory epitheleum, 10 million, and every 4-8 weeks
35
What are the finger like receptor cites at where odorants are transported to olfactory receptors?
Cilia
36
The Lock and Key hypothesis in smell reception (Amoore) suggests what?
It suggests that Specific cilia proteins have a unique structure where the matching odorant proteins bind to if they have the right size and shape
37
How many parts of mercaptan (foul smelling substance) is detectable by olfactory receptors in how many parts of air?
1 part mercaptan per 50 billion parts of air
38
True or false ? females have better smell sensitivity than men
true
39
Odour blindness is known as A- Anosmia, B- Amnesia, C- Agnosia D -hypernosmia
A- Anosmia
40
Of the senses taste and smell, which is largely dependent on the other?
Taste is dependent on smell
41
Name one reason touch is distinct from the other senses ?
Possible answers: distributed throughout the body, each receptor responds to a wide range of sensations,
42
Who suggested the functional differentiation of skin receptors?
Iggo, 1976
43
What is the hairless skin on your palms, fingertips, and feet soles called?
Glabrous skin
44
What are the 4 main mechanoreceptors?
parcinian corpuscles, meissner corpuscles, merkel discs, and ruffini endings
45
How many mechanoreceptors are on the hand? A- 1000, B-10,000, C-17000, D-170,000
C-17000
46
Spatial properties of mechanoreceptors refer to what?
The size of its receptive field
47
What statement about the parcinian corpuscle is false? A- it is the largest field of the mechanoreceptors, B- it is the deepest rooted receptor, C-It is the most numerous receptor, D- it is the most studied receptor
C- it is false that the parcinan corpsuscle is the most numerous, it is in fact the least numerous
48
At what sensitivity is the parcinian corpuscle greatest at?
250hz
49
What is the pathway called which transports touch info from receptors to the brain stem?
lemniscal pathway
50
What are the two ways of measuring sensitivity thresholds of touch receptors?
Absolute sensitivity and Two point localisation threshold
51
Which skin region is the most sensitive according to absolute sensitivity thresholds? A-the face, B- the foot, C- the back, D- the hand
A- the face
52
The Somatosensory homunculus attempts to show what about the relationship between cortical areas and the body?
It shows how the most sensitive skin areas have a larger weight the cortex, and the cortex is not evenly distributed for all parts of the body
53
Active touch uses what type of receptor?
Proprioceptors
54
Haptics, describes the combination between____?
Info about movement (active touch) and touch info (mechanoreceptors)
55
Klartsy et al (1985) found that people were what % accurate at identifying objects when blindfolded, using feel? A-30%, B55%, C- 75%, D-95%
D-95%
56
What is the effect known as which means humans cannot resolve fine detail when touching objects such as raised letters, but means they can read braille accurately?
The Blurring Effect
57
What did Melzack (1973) find which shows the evolutionary benefit of pain?
Pathological pain insensitivity can lead to death
58
Pain receptors are known as A-mechanoreceptors, B-nociceptors, C-proprioceptors, D- None
B-nociceptors
59
Pain receptors are possibly located where?
Free nerve endings
60
Melzack and Walls Gate control theory describes how T cells send pain and touch info to the brain, but what allows or inhibits this info, acting as a gate?
SG - Sunstantia Gelatinosa
61
What are the 2 factors affecting how we see the reflected light on an object?
Wavelength and luminance
62
Wavelength is associated with _________, whilst luminance is associated with _______/_______?
Colour vision and intensity/brightness
63
Coarse changes in luminace reflect an objects_______, whilst fine changes in luminance reflect _______
Overall shape, fine detail
64
What are the simple building blocks which the luminance of images can be broken down to known as ?
Sinusoidal gratings
65
Of sinusoidal gratings, which space axis (x and y) is constant, and which varies?
X axis varies, and y axis remains constant
66
What are the defining dimensions/characteristics of sinusoidal gratings?
Spatial frequency, contrast, orientation, and spatial phase
67
If the there are many bars in one sinusoidal grating, yet the difference in intensity between the bars is very little, the grating has a _______ spatial frequency, but a ______ contrast?
high SF, low contrast
68
What is Fourier Synthesis?
The mathematical possibility to form any image using sinusoidal gratings, varying on the four dimensions
69
Which famous scientist did devalois and devalois (1990) depict using sinusoidal gratings, showing the possibility of fourier analysis? A- Oppenheimer, B- Charles Darwin, B- Isaac Newton, D- Albert Einstein
D- Albert Einstein
70
What is the process of measuring participants responses to individual sinusoidal gratings and using this to predict how they will respond to a complex image ?
Modulation Transfer Function (MTF)
71
What does the Contrast Sensitivity Function measure?
The minimum amount of contrast needed to see a sinusoidal grating pattern (sensitivity) under different Spatial frequencies.m
72
We are most sensitive to spatial frequencies between ______ c/deg, yet we are insensitive to extremely ______ and ______ spatial frequencies.
2-6, high and low
73
How can the centre-surround system of RG cells explain our low sensitivity to Low SF gratings?
The centre-surround cells are not as responsive when the receptive field has little changes in luminance
74
Photopic range refers to ______, Mesopic range refers to_____, and Scoptic range refers to ______
Daytime, twilight, and darkness
75
What happens to our sensitivity of SF gratings when luminance decreases (it gets darker)?
Our sensitivity of high SF gratings worsens
76
Temporal frequency of sinusoidal gratings refers to what?
The flickering rate
77
________ cells are responsive to gratings with high flickering rate of low SF gratings, whereas ______ cells are responsive to constant yet high SF gratings
Magnocellular, parvocellular
78
What type of visual acuity test uses letters to measure resolution acuity? A- landholt rings, B- snellen eye chart, C- parallel bars D - CSF
B- the Snellen eye chart
79
What is not an true of using visual acuity tests? A-they are very quick to adminster and assess B-they can tell us about neural issues C-they can tell us about optical issues D- they can be used to easily diagnose optical issues
B- unfortunately they cannot tell us about neural issues, obly optical issues
80
What is an advantage of using CSF? A-They can be used to predict complex visual scenes such as what pilots may see under varying weather conditions, B- They pick up much more than visual acuity tests can , C- They are easy to adminstere , D- Both A and B
D- both A and B
81
Humans are sensitive to what mm wavelength of light?
400mm - 700mm
82
Visual field refers to __________
What proportion of the outside world the retina can see
83
Degrees of visual angle refers to ______
What percentage of the retina an object takes up
84
What part of the eye is known as the blind spot, and why?
The optic disc, as it is where optic nerves and blood vessels enter/exit
85
What is the fluid filled chamber which nourishes the cornea? A-the iris, B-the lens, C- the anterior chamber, D-the vitreous chamber
C-the anterior chamber
86
Which region of the macula contains the highest density of photoreceptors?
Fovea
87
The duplex retina contains what 2 types of photoreceptors ?
Rods and Cones
88
Cones are located mainly in the _____, they respond to _____, and are ______ dense than rods.
Fovea, colour, less
89
Rods are located mainly in the ______, they respond in ______ light levels, and are ______ dense than cones.
periphery, low, more
90
Which of these is not a cell located in the retina? A- H cells, B- T cells, C- Amacrine cells, D- Bipolar cells
B- T cells
91
There are ______ million photoreceptors, compared to only ______ million RGC cells
127 million, 1.25 million
92
What is the term which describes the area of a visual scene in which cells respond to?
Receptive Fields
93
Firing rate of action potential of RGC's can either _____ or ______ from the baseline
Increase or decrease
94
What happens to the firing rate if light is presented in the surround of an on centre cell?
The firing rate will decrease
95
Receptive fields are smaller or larger in the fovea?
Smaller
96
Receptive fields increase by a factor of _____ the further they get from the fovea?
50
97
Receptive fields in the fovea have _______ spatial resolution, whilst receptive fields in the periphery have ________ spatial resolution, but ______light sensitivity
high, low, high
98
RG cells at this stage or selective to what? A- Contrasts, B- Orientation , C - Spatial Phase, D- A and C
D- They are responsive to contrasts and spatial phase, but not orientation selective
99
What famous illusion displays the effect of centre-surround antagonism?
The hermann Grid illusion
100
Smaller RF's respond better to _____ sized objects , whilst Larger RF's respond better to _____ sized objects
smaller, Larger
101
M cells stand for_____, P cells stand for_____, K cells stand for______.
Magnocellular, Parvocellular, Koniocellular
102
Magnocellular cells make up ___% of the RGC, are located in the ______, and have a ______ size RF. They detect info about ______ and _______
10, periphery, large, movement and location
103
Parvocellular cells have a ______ size RF, are located in the _______ retina, and are sensitive to _______ and _______
Small, central, colour and what
104
What is the point on the visual pathway where the optic nerve fibres cross to the opposing hemisphere?
Optic chiasm
105
Ipsilateral fibres are fibres that ______, whereas contralateral fibres _______.
Do not cross hemispheres, do cross hemispheres.
106
The LGN is located in the ______ A- Hypothalamus, B- Superior Colliculus C- Thalamus, D- Optic tract
C- Thalamus
107
What % of axons from RGC's project to the LGN?
80%
108
Of the 6 LGN layers , M cells input into______, whilst P cells into _____ and K cells input ____
Layers 1 & 2, Layers 3-6, inbetween the layers.
109
Ipsilateral fibres go to layers __, __ and ____, whilst contralateral fibres go to layers __, __ and __.
2, 3 and 5 for ipsilateral, 1,4 and 6 for contralateral.
110
Retinotopy of the LGN refers to what?
The idea that the visual scene projected onto the retina, maps accordingly onto each layer of the LGN, forming a retinotopic map
111
Similar to RGC'S , LGN cells have what system.
An on-off, centre-surround system.
112
LGN cells ON-OFF system operates for colour, leading to what effect?
Colour opponency.
113
P layer cells are sensitive to _____, have a _____ RF size leading to _____ spatial resolution. M cells have a ______ RF size leading to -______ spatial resolution, but are more sensitive to ______ and ______.
P cells - colour, small Rf leads to high spatial resolution. M cells - large RF leading to poor spatial resolution, but sensitive to movement and rapid light changes.
114
How many cells per hemisphere, are in the visual cortex?
100 million
115
V1 cells are also layer organised. K cells are input into layers _____, LGN cells (P&M cells) are input into layer ______.
1-3, 4
116
Magnocellular cells are input into _______ layer 4, Parvocellular cells are input into ______ layer 4.
upper for M cells, lower for P cells.
117
What does ocular dominance of V1 cells refer to?
The idea that cells are organised into columns, where all of the layers in that column receive input from only one eye.
118
About _____% of cortical cells are devoted to the central _____ degrees of the Visual Field. This effect is known as _______>
80% for only 10 degrees, This is cortical magnification.
119
What is not a shared feature of V1 cells and LGN cells?
A- orientation selectivity, B-Retinotopy, C- layer organisation, D- Sensitivity to luminance changes .
A- LGN cells are not orientation selective
120
What technique/s are used to create a map showing the orientation preference of V1 cells?
Staining and pinwheels.
121
Which type of V1 cell is orientation selective, for anywhere in the receptive field? A- simple cells, B-complex cells, C- hypercomplex cells, D- K cells
B- complex cells
122
Which type of V1 cell is orientation selective, but has on optimum response for specific stimuli lengths? A- Simple cells, B- complex cells, C- hypercomplex cells, D- K cells
C-hypercomplex cells
123
What term refers to V1 cells which respond best when a stimulus is shown in both eyes ?
Binocularity
124
Colour sensitive V1 cells receive input from ? A- M cells, B-P Cells, D - K cells. D- T cells
B- P cells
125
Simple cells respond best to ______ speed movement, whilst Complex cells respond best to _______ speed movement.
Slow, Fast
126
Around how many columns form a hypercolumn? and what is the name of this model?
18-20 Columns, Ice cube model
127
Hue refers to _____. Brightness refers to ______. Saturation refers to _______
Red-blue distinction, light intensity, Pale/vibrancy
128
What is a metamer?
Stimuli that are perceptually identical (see them the same) but are physically different.
129
S cones encode ______ colours, M cones encode -____ colours, L cones encode _______
Blue for s cones, green for m cones, red for L cones
130
What does the principle of univariance tell us ?
That one cone type alone cannot see colour, and that more than one is needed to perceive colour.
131
If having 3 cone types makes someone a trichromat , how many cone types does a pentachromat have ? A- 1 cone type, B- 2 cone types, C- 4 cone types D- 5 cone types
D- 5 cone types
132
What do retinal topographic cone mosaics NOT suggest about cone distribution? A- there are no S (blue) cones in the fovea B- Cone distribution is random C-Cone distribution is the same in every person D- There are fewer S cones than M or L cones
C- Cone distribution is does in fact vary person to person
133
Staring at a blue image bordering a yellow background for too long will result in what colour afterimage A- yellow image with blue border B- Green image with blue border C- Red image with blue border D-Yellow image with green border
A- yellow image with blue border
134
True or false, as well as RGC's with centre-surround antagonism, there are RGC's which respond to certain colours switched on anywhere in the RF
True
135
Layers 3-6 of the LGN have two chromatic channels known as what? They are what two colour channels?
Cardinals, with blue colour channels and red-green colour channels
136
V1 Cells which have inhibitory and excitatory effects in the RF's of both the centre and the surround are known as what?
Double opponent RF's
137
What is the effect which makes the same colour appear different under different hues and brightness?
Chromatic induction
138
Acquired CVD's can occur by ______. CVD's can also be congenital with men having a ____ % chance, and females having a ____% chance.
Damage to V4, men = 8%, women = 0.5%
139
deuteranopia refers to a missing _____ cone pigment, Protanopia refers to a missing ______ pigment, Tritanopia refers to a missing _____ cone pigment.
M cone = deuteranopia, L cone = protanopia, S cone = tritanopia.
140
The ventral stream is associated with the _____ of objects. It involves the ____ in the visual cortex. Damage to this can lead to _______.
What , V4, visual agnosia
141
The dorsal stream is associated with _____ and _____ of objects. It involves the ____ and ____ in the visual cortex.
Where and how, V5 AND V6
142
What are David Marr's 3 levels of analysis he suggests in a computational approach to object recognition.
Computational, algorithmic and implementational
143
Which model of object recognition suggests that in order to recognise an abject under different variations, we have detectors for every single variation in shape, orientation, distance, position, pov etc for each object? A- template matching models B-Selfridges pandemonium model C- structural description models D- View dependent model
A- template matching model
144
Which model of object recognition suggests that we have 3 levels of receptors for object recognition, one which detects features of the object and makes note, on which fires if the feature matches the object that is in its receptive field, and one which decides which detector has the largest firing rate leading to the recognition of that object? A- template matching models B-Selfridges pandemonium model C- structural description models D- View dependent model
B- selfridges pandemonium model
145
Which model of object recognition takes an object based approach, suggesting that when recognising an object we detect the primitives of an object, which are basic volumetric features such as cylinders. Whichever set of volumetric combinations best matches our model is what we recognise as the object. A- template matching models B-Selfridges pandemonium model C- structural description models D- View dependent model
C- structural description models
146
Which model of object recognition takes a viewer based approach, suggesting that the primitives of an image are abstract features such as corners, vertical lines, bumps etc, which are detected by view tuned object recognition cells, and takes a weight approach in deciding which is the best match? A- template matching models B-Selfridges pandemonium model C- structural description models D- View dependent model
D- View dependent model
147
What is the phenomenon known as which means we have a tendency to perceive faces in inanimate objects when there isnt a face present.
Pareidolia
148
What is the area in the brain selective for face recognition and processing?
Fusiform Face Area (ffa)
149
Which theory suggests that humans are especially adapted to recognising faces ?
Domain specificity hypothesis
150
What effect is strict to facial recognition? A-Inversion effect, B-Part whole effect, C- configuration effect D- FFA activation
C- Configuration effect
151
What does the part-whole effect, sensitivity to facial configuration, and the composite effect suggest about facial recognition?
That we process faces holistically.
152
The expertise effect suggests that we are not specifically tuned to recognise _____, but all objects in which we are ______ in recognising.
Faces, and experts
