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COG > Language > Flashcards

Language Flashcards

1
Q

What 3 aspects are true of visual word recognition?

A

Automaticity, Flexibility and Precision

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2
Q

(Dufau et al) used _______ combined with a _________ task to study visual word recognition?

A

ERP - Event Related Potentials combined with lexical decision task

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3
Q

Typicality refers to ____________, whereas lexicality refrs to __________

A

Typicality = Typicality of letter organisation, Lexicality = words vs nonwords.

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4
Q

The stroop task (1935) found no difference for __________ in _____________ vs Black ink, however there were ____________ responses for naming ______________ colours of ___________ words.

A

no difference for naming colour words in incompatible ink vs black ink,
slower responses for naming ink colours if word is incompatible.

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5
Q

The stroop task showed that it is impossible to ignore the ________, but was possible to ignore the ___________.

A

Impossible to ignore the word, but possible to ignore colour

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6
Q

Bisson et al studied word recognition using A-Photographs B- Audio clips C- Films with subtites D Passages from a book

A

C- Subtitled films

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7
Q

What is the paradigm where a mask is presented, followed by a priming word, the followed by a target word?

A

Masked Priming paradigm

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8
Q

What is an orthographic related nonword prime, give an example?

A

A Non-word spelt in a similar way to the target, used to speed up word recognition. For example a Orthographic prime of ‘state’ might be ‘stape’.

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9
Q

What is an phonological related prime, give an example?

A

A word (or non word which sounds similar to the target. For example a phonological prime for time might be thyme.

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10
Q

What is a semantically related prime, give an example?

A

A word that has a similar semantic meaning to the target word. For example a semantic prime for water might be wet.

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11
Q

Perfetti and Tan found that orthographic primes in chinese ___________ word recogniiton. A-Facilitate B- Activate C-has no effect D- Inhibit

A

D- Inhibition

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12
Q

Ability to read various different handwritings shows what aspect of word recognition?

A

Flexibility

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13
Q

Graham Rawlinson tested participants ability to read a paragraph but what was difference?

A

Flexible Letter order - changing the order of letters in words

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14
Q

Case alternation looks like A- RANT B- rant C-Rant D- RaNt

A

D-RaNt

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15
Q

Alternating case primes that are unrelated ______________ the speed of word recognition?

A

Slow down

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16
Q

Moret-tatay et al found that sans serif font words are recognised _____ faster than serif font, for ____% of the participants.

A

19ms faster , for 80% participants

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17
Q

Grainger et al found orthographic processing in A- bonobos, B- chimpanzees, C- baboons, D- Orangutans

A

C- baboons

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18
Q

Which 3 models suggest that we use position specific letter coding when processing words?

A

Interactive Activation (IA) model, Dual Route Cascaded (DRC) Model, and Multiple Read Out Model

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19
Q

Mclelland and Rumelheart’s Interactive Activation model is a ___________/____________ model

A

Network/connectionist model

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20
Q

What are the 3 levels or layers of the IA model?

A

Words, letters, and features

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21
Q

In the IA model there is an _______ effect between words, and an _________ effect between levels

A

Inhibition between words , excitation between levels

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22
Q

What is a characteristic of the IA model A- Lateral Inhibition of all other words within the word level B-Resting level activations of words based on word frequency C-Word recognition thresholds where a word is recognised when a node has a certain level of activation D- All of the above

A

D- all of the above

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23
Q

Transposition priming involves ___________ letters in target words to use as primes, whilst substitution priming involves_________ letters in target words to use as primes.

A

Swapping or moving adjacent letters for transposition
Replacing letters with new letters in substitution priming

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24
Q

Who replicated forsters findings on transposition priming?

A

Perea and Lupker

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25
Q

What type of priming involves maintaing the overall word whilst changing the position of or replacing multiple letters?
A substitution priming B masked priming C- Transposition priming D- Relative position priming

A

D- relative position priming

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26
Q

The Open Bigram model suggests a model that _____________

A

a model that codes the relative position of adjacent and non adjacent letters

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27
Q

Similar to the IA model the Open Bigram model is a _______________ model.

A

Localist connectionist model

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28
Q

The open Bigram model has been tested in simulations with
A relative position priming B- Substitution priming C Transposition primimg D- Both A and C

A

D- both A and C

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29
Q

The spatial coding model was devised by
A grainger B van heuven C seidenberg and mclelland D- davis

A

D- davis

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30
Q

Perea and Lupker found that __________ priming is still maintained after transposed letter priming

A

Semantic

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31
Q

Who was one of the earliest to study word frequency effect, and what apparatus did he use to study it?

A

James Cattell used a chronoscope

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32
Q

What is the word frequency effect of word recognition?

A

Words that are more common the language are recognised quicker than less common words

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33
Q

What 3 types of tasks did Monsell use to investiagate word frequency?

A

Lexical Decision tasks, semantic categorisation tasks, and word naming tasks

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34
Q

Name different types of Corpus used to estimate word frequency:

A

Possible:
K&F (Kucera and Francis)
CELEX
BNC (British National Corpus)
Google Books
SUBTLEX (subtitle based)

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35
Q

Which word frequency corpus estimates word frequency based on subtitles?
A BNC B CELEX C K&F D SUBTLEX

A

D SUBTLEX

36
Q

Which type of word frequency corpus uses English, dutch and german languages to estimate word frequency?

A

CELEX

37
Q

Mehl et al found that we are exposed to about ________ to ________ words per day, and Li et al found that people aged 64-91 are exposed to around_______ words per year.

A

16000-32000 words per day, and 11.68 million words per year

38
Q

Adelman et al defined Contextual Diversity as ____________________________________.

A

The number of different contexts a word has been seen in

39
Q

Adelman et al found that what was most predictive of lexical decision times
A Contextual diversity B Word frequency C Semantic Diversity D- Number of primes

A

A Contextual Diversity

40
Q

Jones et al argued that ____________ is more predictive than contextual diversity.

A

Semantic diversity

41
Q

Chateau and Jared used what task to measure print exposure in adults?

A

Author Recognition Task

42
Q

Chateau and Jared found that high print exposure ______________ word recognition in a priming task, but only when the word is frequent. An adverse effect occurs for less ________ words.

A

Speeds up word recognition when word is frequent, slows down when word is infrequent

43
Q

Studies into print exposure in children (Chateau and Jared (2000), Mol & Bus (2011))
found that print exposure by reading is highly ____________.

A

Highly beneficial, improving many reading skills and is predictive of academic success.

44
Q

Anon and Snyder found that word frequency effects also exist for reading __________
A Paragraphs B multi word phrases C questions D other languages

A

B- multi word phrases

45
Q

Anon and Snyder found that high frequency phrases are recognised ________ than low frequency phrases

A

Faster by 60 ms (1100-1040)

46
Q

What is an example of a binomial phrase?
A Fast Car B Fast like the wind C Bride and Groom D Deafening Silence

A

C bride and groom

47
Q

Siyanova and Chanturia tested binomial recognition by recording__________ using _________.

A

Eye movements with an eye tracker

48
Q

The IA model suggests that high frequent words have a resting level activation of _____ whilst low frequent words have a resting activation of_____.

A

0 vs -0.046

49
Q

Orthographic neighbours refer to

A

the number of words that can be created by changing one letter of a word

50
Q

If a word has a high neighbourhood density, it has more or less orthographic neighbours?

A

More orthographic neighbours

51
Q

For low frequency words, larger neighbourhoods have _______ effect, but for high frequency words, having a larger neighbourhood has a ________ effect.

A

Low frequwncy - large n = facilitation
High frequency - large N = inhibition

52
Q

Studies into the neihbourhood effect show _______ evidence.
A Consistent B No evidence C mixed evidence D Limited evidence

A

C- mixed evidence

53
Q

The IA model and other word recognition models predict that high neighbourhood density would have what type of effect?

A

Inhibition effect

54
Q

Multiple read out models account for ________ effects of neighborhood density, which IA models do not.

A

Facilitation effects

55
Q

Which term refers to the minimum number of edit operations ( ie substitution, deletion) required to turn one word into another ?
A Wittgenstein difference B Levenshtein difference C Mclelland distance D- Rumelheart distance

A

B levenshtein difference

56
Q

The “OLD20” effect in levenshtein distance speeds up or slows down word recognition?

A

Speeds up

57
Q

The internal store of words (knowledge) is defined by what 2 stores?

A

Semantic Memory and the mental lexicion

58
Q

What does the decompositional (feature) theory of word semantics suggest?

A

Word meanings are best described in terms of a finite number of sets of paired features

59
Q

Smith et al distinguished defining features as ____________, and characterisic features as____________

A

Defining = features an object or thing in that category must have
Characteristic = features an object or thing in the category typically has

60
Q

McRrae et al labelled features that tend to occur together as ___________, and features that enable us to distinguish among things as _____________

A

Occur together = intercorrelated
Distinguishing

61
Q

Who devised the semantic network model?

A

Collins and Quillian

62
Q

What is not a feature of the semantic network model?
A semantic economy B hierarchical organisation C Phonological organisation as well as semantic D- A network of nodes and links

A

C- there is no phonological organisation in the semantic network model

63
Q

Prototype theory suggests that concepts are

A

concepts are centred around a prototypical member of the class

64
Q

Sentence verification tasks involve what two sub tasks?

A

Set inclusion and property attribution

65
Q

Which principle argues that information about concepts (feather) is stored at the highest level of the hierarchy (bird)?

A

Principle of Cognitive Economy

66
Q

Landuaer and Freedman suggest that larger sets of words ____________ the time it takes to verify set inclusion tasks.

A

Increase

67
Q

Collins and Loftus suggested a model based on semantic similarity between words, known as what?

A

Spreading Activation model

68
Q

What is true of spreading activation model?
A Spreading activation is automatic B Spreading activation is parallel , operating in both directions C Spreading activation is under the control of the language user D- A and B

A

D- A and B

69
Q

What is one major difficulty of the spreading activation model?

A

Almost impossible to design an experiment which tests the underlying theory

70
Q

Spreading activation explains:
A- why primes activate target words B prototype and typicality effects of within category items C Why it takes longer to reject sentences of closer associations D- all of the above

A

D

71
Q

Count models measure distributional sematincs using ____________________

A

Use a large corpus to measure relatedness values between pairs of words

72
Q

Predict Models measure distributional semantics by ____________

A

predict target words based on context words

73
Q

Distributional semantics is the idea that _________________________. It has two main models, what are they?

A

Words with similar meanings are used in similar contexts Contains count models and predict models

74
Q

_________________ models are superior to _____________ models

A

Predict>count

75
Q

Embodiment processes are grounded in both ____________ and ___________

A

Perception and action

76
Q

Perceptual simulations of objects are influenced by 3 main factors, what are they?

A

Shape, orientation, and visibility

77
Q

The action-sentence compatibility effect implies an interaction between __________ and ______________

A

Bodily movement/ action and sentence direction

78
Q

Action sentence compatibility effects often measure using
A eye tracking B ERP C lexical decision task D fMRI

A

D fMRI

79
Q

Individual differences in embodiment processes are what 2 things:

A

Expertise in the action and handedness (left or right)

80
Q

The body specificity hypothesis (Cassano) suggests what?

A

People with different bodies and bodily characteristics should represent language differently

81
Q

What are the 5 pieces of evidence for shallow processing?

A

1 incomplete semantic commitment
2 garden path theory
3 pragmatic normalisation
4 failure to detect anomalies
5 failure to detect text changes

82
Q

Anomaly detections are studied using what 2 main techniques?

A

Eye tracking and ERP’s

83
Q

Pragmatic normalisation compares semantic processing for ________ sentences and ________ sentences

A

Active and passive sentences

84
Q

What are the 3 main factors which affect depth of processing?

A

Linguistic focus, discourse focus and attention grabbing devices

85
Q

What are the 2 main critiques of shallow procesing?

A

Detection studies do not reflect normal reading
Materials used do not reflect everyday life - designed to trick

86
Q

Linguistic focus has the focus of the sentences on ___________, whereas discourse focus has the focus of the text on a _________

A

Linguistic-one word
Discourse - topic

COG (5 decks)

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