Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

COG > Language > Flashcards

Language Flashcards

1
Q

What 3 aspects are true of visual word recognition?

A

Automaticity, Flexibility and Precision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

(Dufau et al) used _______ combined with a _________ task to study visual word recognition?

A

ERP - Event Related Potentials combined with lexical decision task

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Typicality refers to ____________, whereas lexicality refrs to __________

A

Typicality = Typicality of letter organisation, Lexicality = words vs nonwords.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The stroop task (1935) found no difference for __________ in _____________ vs Black ink, however there were ____________ responses for naming ______________ colours of ___________ words.

A

no difference for naming colour words in incompatible ink vs black ink,
slower responses for naming ink colours if word is incompatible.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The stroop task showed that it is impossible to ignore the ________, but was possible to ignore the ___________.

A

Impossible to ignore the word, but possible to ignore colour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Bisson et al studied word recognition using A-Photographs B- Audio clips C- Films with subtites D Passages from a book

A

C- Subtitled films

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the paradigm where a mask is presented, followed by a priming word, the followed by a target word?

A

Masked Priming paradigm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is an orthographic related nonword prime, give an example?

A

A Non-word spelt in a similar way to the target, used to speed up word recognition. For example a Orthographic prime of ‘state’ might be ‘stape’.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is an phonological related prime, give an example?

A

A word (or non word which sounds similar to the target. For example a phonological prime for time might be thyme.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is a semantically related prime, give an example?

A

A word that has a similar semantic meaning to the target word. For example a semantic prime for water might be wet.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Perfetti and Tan found that orthographic primes in chinese ___________ word recogniiton. A-Facilitate B- Activate C-has no effect D- Inhibit

A

D- Inhibition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Ability to read various different handwritings shows what aspect of word recognition?

A

Flexibility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Graham Rawlinson tested participants ability to read a paragraph but what was difference?

A

Flexible Letter order - changing the order of letters in words

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Case alternation looks like A- RANT B- rant C-Rant D- RaNt

A

D-RaNt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Alternating case primes that are unrelated ______________ the speed of word recognition?

A

Slow down

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Moret-tatay et al found that sans serif font words are recognised _____ faster than serif font, for ____% of the participants.

A

19ms faster , for 80% participants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Grainger et al found orthographic processing in A- bonobos, B- chimpanzees, C- baboons, D- Orangutans

A

C- baboons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Which 3 models suggest that we use position specific letter coding when processing words?

A

Interactive Activation (IA) model, Dual Route Cascaded (DRC) Model, and Multiple Read Out Model

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Mclelland and Rumelheart’s Interactive Activation model is a ___________/____________ model

A

Network/connectionist model

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the 3 levels or layers of the IA model?

A

Words, letters, and features

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

In the IA model there is an _______ effect between words, and an _________ effect between levels

A

Inhibition between words , excitation between levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is a characteristic of the IA model A- Lateral Inhibition of all other words within the word level B-Resting level activations of words based on word frequency C-Word recognition thresholds where a word is recognised when a node has a certain level of activation D- All of the above

A

D- all of the above

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Transposition priming involves ___________ letters in target words to use as primes, whilst substitution priming involves_________ letters in target words to use as primes.

A

Swapping or moving adjacent letters for transposition
Replacing letters with new letters in substitution priming

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Who replicated forsters findings on transposition priming?

A

Perea and Lupker

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What type of priming involves maintaing the overall word whilst changing the position of or replacing multiple letters? A substitution priming B masked priming C- Transposition priming D- Relative position priming
D- relative position priming
26
The Open Bigram model suggests a model that _____________
a model that codes the relative position of adjacent and non adjacent letters
27
Similar to the IA model the Open Bigram model is a _______________ model.
Localist connectionist model
28
The open Bigram model has been tested in simulations with A relative position priming B- Substitution priming C Transposition primimg D- Both A and C
D- both A and C
29
The spatial coding model was devised by A grainger B van heuven C seidenberg and mclelland D- davis
D- davis
30
Perea and Lupker found that __________ priming is still maintained after transposed letter priming
Semantic
31
Who was one of the earliest to study word frequency effect, and what apparatus did he use to study it?
James Cattell used a chronoscope
32
What is the word frequency effect of word recognition?
Words that are more common the language are recognised quicker than less common words
33
What 3 types of tasks did Monsell use to investiagate word frequency?
Lexical Decision tasks, semantic categorisation tasks, and word naming tasks
34
Name different types of Corpus used to estimate word frequency:
Possible: K&F (Kucera and Francis) CELEX BNC (British National Corpus) Google Books SUBTLEX (subtitle based)
35
Which word frequency corpus estimates word frequency based on subtitles? A BNC B CELEX C K&F D SUBTLEX
D SUBTLEX
36
Which type of word frequency corpus uses English, dutch and german languages to estimate word frequency?
CELEX
37
Mehl et al found that we are exposed to about ________ to ________ words per day, and Li et al found that people aged 64-91 are exposed to around_______ words per year.
16000-32000 words per day, and 11.68 million words per year
38
Adelman et al defined Contextual Diversity as ____________________________________.
The number of different contexts a word has been seen in
39
Adelman et al found that what was most predictive of lexical decision times A Contextual diversity B Word frequency C Semantic Diversity D- Number of primes
A Contextual Diversity
40
Jones et al argued that ____________ is more predictive than contextual diversity.
Semantic diversity
41
Chateau and Jared used what task to measure print exposure in adults?
Author Recognition Task
42
Chateau and Jared found that high print exposure ______________ word recognition in a priming task, but only when the word is frequent. An adverse effect occurs for less ________ words.
Speeds up word recognition when word is frequent, slows down when word is infrequent
43
Studies into print exposure in children (Chateau and Jared (2000), Mol & Bus (2011)) found that print exposure by reading is highly ____________.
Highly beneficial, improving many reading skills and is predictive of academic success.
44
Anon and Snyder found that word frequency effects also exist for reading __________ A Paragraphs B multi word phrases C questions D other languages
B- multi word phrases
45
Anon and Snyder found that high frequency phrases are recognised ________ than low frequency phrases
Faster by 60 ms (1100-1040)
46
What is an example of a binomial phrase? A Fast Car B Fast like the wind C Bride and Groom D Deafening Silence
C bride and groom
47
Siyanova and Chanturia tested binomial recognition by recording__________ using _________.
Eye movements with an eye tracker
48
The IA model suggests that high frequent words have a resting level activation of _____ whilst low frequent words have a resting activation of_____.
0 vs -0.046
49
Orthographic neighbours refer to
the number of words that can be created by changing one letter of a word
50
If a word has a high neighbourhood density, it has more or less orthographic neighbours?
More orthographic neighbours
51
For low frequency words, larger neighbourhoods have _______ effect, but for high frequency words, having a larger neighbourhood has a ________ effect.
Low frequwncy - large n = facilitation High frequency - large N = inhibition
52
Studies into the neihbourhood effect show _______ evidence. A Consistent B No evidence C mixed evidence D Limited evidence
C- mixed evidence
53
The IA model and other word recognition models predict that high neighbourhood density would have what type of effect?
Inhibition effect
54
Multiple read out models account for ________ effects of neighborhood density, which IA models do not.
Facilitation effects
55
Which term refers to the minimum number of edit operations ( ie substitution, deletion) required to turn one word into another ? A Wittgenstein difference B Levenshtein difference C Mclelland distance D- Rumelheart distance
B levenshtein difference
56
The "OLD20" effect in levenshtein distance speeds up or slows down word recognition?
Speeds up
57
The internal store of words (knowledge) is defined by what 2 stores?
Semantic Memory and the mental lexicion
58
What does the decompositional (feature) theory of word semantics suggest?
Word meanings are best described in terms of a finite number of sets of paired features
59
Smith et al distinguished defining features as ____________, and characterisic features as____________
Defining = features an object or thing in that category must have Characteristic = features an object or thing in the category typically has
60
McRrae et al labelled features that tend to occur together as ___________, and features that enable us to distinguish among things as _____________
Occur together = intercorrelated Distinguishing
61
Who devised the semantic network model?
Collins and Quillian
62
What is not a feature of the semantic network model? A semantic economy B hierarchical organisation C Phonological organisation as well as semantic D- A network of nodes and links
C- there is no phonological organisation in the semantic network model
63
Prototype theory suggests that concepts are
concepts are centred around a prototypical member of the class
64
Sentence verification tasks involve what two sub tasks?
Set inclusion and property attribution
65
Which principle argues that information about concepts (feather) is stored at the highest level of the hierarchy (bird)?
Principle of Cognitive Economy
66
Landuaer and Freedman suggest that larger sets of words ____________ the time it takes to verify set inclusion tasks.
Increase
67
Collins and Loftus suggested a model based on semantic similarity between words, known as what?
Spreading Activation model
68
What is true of spreading activation model? A Spreading activation is automatic B Spreading activation is parallel , operating in both directions C Spreading activation is under the control of the language user D- A and B
D- A and B
69
What is one major difficulty of the spreading activation model?
Almost impossible to design an experiment which tests the underlying theory
70
Spreading activation explains: A- why primes activate target words B prototype and typicality effects of within category items C Why it takes longer to reject sentences of closer associations D- all of the above
D
71
Count models measure distributional sematincs using ____________________
Use a large corpus to measure relatedness values between pairs of words
72
Predict Models measure distributional semantics by ____________
predict target words based on context words
73
Distributional semantics is the idea that _________________________. It has two main models, what are they?
Words with similar meanings are used in similar contexts Contains count models and predict models
74
_________________ models are superior to _____________ models
Predict>count
75
Embodiment processes are grounded in both ____________ and ___________
Perception and action
76
Perceptual simulations of objects are influenced by 3 main factors, what are they?
Shape, orientation, and visibility
77
The action-sentence compatibility effect implies an interaction between __________ and ______________
Bodily movement/ action and sentence direction
78
Action sentence compatibility effects often measure using A eye tracking B ERP C lexical decision task D fMRI
D fMRI
79
Individual differences in embodiment processes are what 2 things:
Expertise in the action and handedness (left or right)
80
The body specificity hypothesis (Cassano) suggests what?
People with different bodies and bodily characteristics should represent language differently
81
What are the 5 pieces of evidence for shallow processing?
1 incomplete semantic commitment 2 garden path theory 3 pragmatic normalisation 4 failure to detect anomalies 5 failure to detect text changes
82
Anomaly detections are studied using what 2 main techniques?
Eye tracking and ERP's
83
Pragmatic normalisation compares semantic processing for ________ sentences and ________ sentences
Active and passive sentences
84
What are the 3 main factors which affect depth of processing?
Linguistic focus, discourse focus and attention grabbing devices
85
What are the 2 main critiques of shallow procesing?
Detection studies do not reflect normal reading Materials used do not reflect everyday life - designed to trick
86
Linguistic focus has the focus of the sentences on ___________, whereas discourse focus has the focus of the text on a _________
Linguistic-one word Discourse - topic

COG (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions