Memory Flashcards
What term describes the reappearance in consciousness of memories that were for some time not accessible? A- Lost memories B- recovered memories C-found memories D-Childhood memories
B- recovered memories
What are Schooler et al (1997) 3 criteria for recovered memories?
1) Reality of event 2) reality of forgetting 3) reality of recovery
What is false memory syndrome?
The systematic creation of memories of events that never occurred
Which study aimed to examine false memories under a controlled paradigm?
Roediger and Mcdermott (1995)
In the recall phase of false memories it was found that there was a ____ % rate of recalling an item that was on the list, but a ___% rate of recalling an item that was not on the list.
65% for true items, 40% for false items.
The paradigm which describes how false memories are created is known as the: A-DRM paradigm, B-LTM paradigm, C-Working-Memory Paradigm, D-False memory paradigm
A-DRM paradigm
In the recognition phase of Roediger and Mcdermott’s false memory experiment, there was a mean hit rate of ____% for true items, but a mean false alarm rate of ____% for critical lures.
86% for true items, 84% for critical lures.
What is a critical lure?
A close semantic associate to the words on the studied list.
In experiment 2, how did Roediger and Mcdermott change the lists? A- they made them longer B-they added more lists, C- they used less lists D- both A&B
D - both A&B
Tulving (1985) in his remember/ know distinction, defined remember items as _____________________, and know items as ____________.
Remember = Items where the participants actually have a vivid memory for
Know = items which the participants are sure they were on the list but dont actually have a memory for hearing the word.
Which of these criticisms did Freyd and Gleaves point out about the DRM paradigm theory and experiment? A- Words presented in lists are not technically events B- False memories for critical lures that were similar to lists is not the same as false memories for sexual abuse events C- Artificial lab studies cannot be generalised to real life events D- All of the above
D- All of the above
In Loftus and Pickrell’s (1995) shopping mall study in which they studied false memories in children for real life events, how many out of the 24 children accepted the false memory?
7 out of the 24 children accepted it , and 6 out of the 7 maintained it when interviewed. (25%)
What did Loftus and Pickrell find occurred when the children who accepted the false memories retold the story.
Their confidence and clarity increased with retelling.
As well as events and words, Wade et al (2002), and Garry and Gerrie (2005) found that false memories can also occur for what? A- movie scenes, B- song lyrics C- photographs D- Locations.
C-photographs
What do false memory studies show us about human memory?
That it is not as consistent as we thought - memories are mad up from many sources.
Which study measured sleep learning using EEG activity and tested participants memory for encoding when asleep?
Simon and Emmons (1956)
Studies into sleep learning ultimately concluded what about unconscious learning?
That we are unable to learn about external events whilst asleep/unconscious.
In Levinsons (1965) anaesthesia study, ___ out of 10 participants produced full reports of what they heard whilst anaesthetized, _____ produced partial reports, and ____ had no recall at all.
4 out of 10 full report, 4 partial, 2 had no recall.
Which is not a criticism of Levinson’s anaesthesia study? A- The study raises ethical issues B-There was a lack of control condition C- There was too small of a sample D- Participants were suggestible under hypnosis.
C- The sample size. Other criticisms were a lack of standardized measure for anaesthetic.
Explicit memory requires __________, whereas implicit memory _________
explicit requires conscious recollection of prior events.
Implicit is revealed by completing tasks which do not require conscious reference to specific events.
What are the 3 types of Explicit memory tasks?
Free recall, cued recall, recognition
Which explicit memory task involves a participant being presented with a stimulus and asked if they have previously learnt the stimulus or not? A-recognition, B free recall, C-Cued recall, D-degraded picture naming
A- recognition
Free recall involves participants attempting to remember target info ________ from the experimenter, whereas cued recall involves ________ from the experimenter.
Free = Without assistance , cued = with assistance.
Which of these is a type of implicit memory task ? A- Word stem completion, B- Word fragment completion, C- degraded picture naming, D- All of the above.
D- All of the above
The study by _________ involved testing participants under varying levels of EEG, whilst the study from _______ involved inclusion and exclusion tests.
EEG = Iselin-Chaves et al ( 2005)
Inclusion and exclusion = Jacoby (1991)
In Iselin-Chaves (1991) study how many times were unconscious participants presented the two lists ? A- 5 times B-50 times C- 20 times D- 10 times
C- 20 times
The words used in the Iselin-Chaves study were of what language? A-french, B- english, C- spanish, D- german
A-french
Which EEG scale measures from 0-100, and represents a participants awakeness from asleep to fully awake ?
Bispectral index scale
In Jacoby (1991) study on process dissociation procedure, inclusion tests involved ______________, whilst exclusion tests involved ____________.
Inclusion = producing items from any source
Exclusion = only producing items that were not previously studied.
In Jacoby (1991) study, the equation for inclusion is _______. The equation for exclusion is _________
Inclusion = R+A(1-R)
Exclusion = A(1-R)
In the exclusion and inclusion equations, R stands for ________, and A stands for ___________.
R= conscious recollection = inclusion - exclusion
A = unconscious or automatic memory =exclusion/ (1-R)
Anaesthesia studies found that _______________________ for EXPLICIT tasks under complete anesthesia , but __________ for IMPLICIT tasks under light anesthesia.
No recall for explicit when completely anesthetized, but some recall for implict when lightly anesthetized
What does weapons focus theory (Loftus et al ) suggest?
The idea that arousal causes attention focusing so that only the central item is attended to ( i.e. the weapon)
Which is true of Chase and Ericssons (1981) study on improving encoding in participant S.F: A- Span encoding improved for the digits learnt by S.F, B- it was based on a chunking method C- S.F’s letter span encoding also increased D- Both A&B
D- both A&B
What are Searleman and Hermann’s (1994) four types of memory research?
Pragmatic, experimental, atheoretical, theoretical
Which type of memory research involves seeking ways to improve peoples lives, particularly abilities to learn and remember information. A- Pragmatic, B- Experimental, C- atheoretical D- theoretical
A-pragamatic
Which best describes experimental memory research? A-seeking ways to improve peoples lives, particularly abilities to learn and remember information B- Documenting the existence and nature of memory phenomena by systematically collecting observations C- Characterising memory intuitively and informally, focusing on phenomena rather than explaining anything D- Using research to form theories, models and metaphors which explain memory phenomena best
B- experimental research involves observation and documentation of memory phenomena
Which best describes atheoretical memory research? A-seeking ways to improve peoples lives, particularly abilities to learn and remember information B- Documenting the existence and nature of memory phenomena by systematically collecting observations C- Characterising memory intuitively and informally, focusing on phenomena rather than explaining anything D- Using research to form theories, models and metaphors which explain memory phenomena best
C- atheoretical research involves a more informal approach rather than providing theories to explain phenomena
Which ancient philosopher came up with mnemonic techniques such as the method of Loci?
Cicero
Which ancient philosopher came up with the atheoretical approach of laws of association?
Aristotle
During the dark ages, work on memory mainly involved creating rhymes and mnemonic devices, and was mostly A- theoretical, B-pragramtic, C- atheoretical D- experimental
B-pragmatic
What was Ebbinghaus (1885) work on memory called?
Memory: A contribution to experimental psychology
Ebbinghaus’ work was both ________ and ___________, rather than _________.
it was experimental (hence) and atheoretical, but not theoretical.
Ebbinghaus’ work on memory used similar principles to those used by_________.
Fechner
What was Ebbinghaus’ fundamental unit of memory? A-3 - letter words, B- 3 numbers, C-nonsense syllables D- individual letters
C- nonsense syllables (used to dissociate semantics in learning)
Ebbinghaus’ method of complete mastery involved measuring ______________, whilst his method of savings involved ___________.
Complete mastery = how long it took him to learn a list well enough so that he could recite the list perfectly, twice.
Savings = a measure of retention, how much less time it took to relearn a list.
What did Ebbinghaus method of savings show?
That re - encoding was much quicker than initial encoding.
True or false, ebbinghaus research showed that there was no maximum list length that could be learned given enough time.
True
What happened to the rate of learning to word lists longer than 7 according to Ebbinghaus’ research?
It drastically increased in time taken to learn a list (quadrupled), and then gradually slowed down.
Encoding all of the information in one long session for multiple hours is known as _______________________, whereas encoding the information over a longer period of time, with multiple shorter sessions is called _____________________.
Mass encoding = all in one go.
Distributed encoding = multiple sessions.
Massed encoding is _________ but technically ________, distributed encoding is more _________, yet least _________.
Massed = inefficient, quicker
Distributed = more efficient, yet less satisfying
What are the 3 reasons why distributed encoding is more effective?
Encoding variability, deficient processing hypothesis, and study - phase retrieval.
Which reason supporting distributed encoding suggests that it is effective because we dont pay much attention to recently encountered things? A- DRM paradigm, B- Encoding variability C- Study phase retrieval D- Deficient processing hypothesis
D- Deficient processing hypothesis
Encoding variability suggests what?
That multiple learning in different contexts produces a wider variability of cues.
Study - phase retrieval is the idea that A-Multiple learning in slightly different contexts produces more available cues B-retrieval itself benefits memory because we retrieve the previous episode of learning each time we relearn, C-You don’t pay so much attention to recently encountered things D- none of the above
B- Study phase retrieval suggests that retrieval itself improves memory
Bower (1969) found encoding is 4x faster given ________.
Context- an appropriate network of meanings
What are the 4 theoretical structures that exist in memory? A-Frames, scripts, networks, and semantics B- Schemata, contexts, lists and numbers C- Schemata, contexts, frames and scripts, D- Lists, networks, semantics and rehearsal
C- Schemata, contexts, scripts and frames
Basford and Johnson (1972) found that both picture and title context prior to encoding has what effect?
It improves encoding
Brewer and Treyens(1981) found that ________________ objects from the room were recalled the most by participants after spending time in the room.
Schema expectant.
Smith and Graesser (1981) found that recall is more accurate for ___________ items, yet recognition is better for _________ items.
Recall for schema consistent,
Recognition for atypical/schema inconsitent
The Generation effect suggests what when creating mind maps / revising?
Memory for items and cues you have generated yourself are much better than items you have been presented with.
Which effect suggests that revising is best when you repeatedly test yourself?
The testing effect
