Thinking

Question 1

artificial concept

Answer 1

concept that is defined by a very specific set of characteristics

Question 2

cognition

Answer 2

thinking, including perception, learning, problem solving, judgment, and memory

Question 3

cognitive psychology

Answer 3

field of psychology dedicated to studying every aspect of how people think

Question 4

concept

Answer 4

category or grouping of linguistic information, objects, ideas, or life experiences

Question 5

cognitive script

Answer 5

set of behaviors that are performed the same way each time; also referred to as an event schema

Question 6

event schema

Answer 6

set of behaviors that are performed the same way each time; also referred to as a cognitive script

Question 7

natural concept

Answer 7

mental groupings that are created “naturally” through your experiences

Question 8

prototype

Answer 8

best representation of a concept

Question 9

role schema

Answer 9

set of expectations that define the behaviors of a person occupying a particular role

Question 10

schema (plural = schemata)

Answer 10

mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts

Question 11

algorithm

Answer 11

problem-solving strategy characterized by a specific set of instructions

Question 12

heuristic

Answer 12

mental shortcut that saves time when solving a problem

Question 13

problem-solving strategy

Answer 13

method for solving problems

Question 14

trial and error

Answer 14

problem-solving strategy in which multiple solutions are attempted until the correct one is found

Question 15

working backwards

Answer 15

heuristic in which you begin to solve a problem by focusing on the end result

Question 16

anchoring bias

Answer 16

faulty heuristic in which you fixate on a single aspect of a problem to find a solution

Question 17

availability heuristic

Answer 17

faulty heuristic in which you make a decision based on information readily available to you

Question 18

confirmation bias

Answer 18

faulty heuristic in which you focus on information that confirms your beliefs

Question 19

functional fixedness

Answer 19

inability to see an object as useful for any other use other than the one for which it was intended

Question 20

hindsight bias

Answer 20

belief that the event just experienced was predictable, even though it really wasn’t

Question 21

mental set

Answer 21

continually using an old solution to a problem without results

Question 22

representative bias

Answer 22

faulty heuristic in which you stereotype someone or something without a valid basis for your judgment

Question 23

audience design

Answer 23

constructing utterances to suit the audience’s knowledge

Question 24

common ground

Answer 24

information that is shared by people who engage in a conversation

Question 25

ingroup

Answer 25

group to which a person belongs