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Psych 101 > Sensation and Perception > Flashcards

Sensation and Perception Flashcards

1
Q

bottom-up processing

A

system in which perceptions are built from sensory input

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2
Q

inattentional blindness

A

failure to notice something that is completely visible because of a lack of attention

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3
Q

perception

A

way that sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced

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4
Q

sensory adaptation

A

the reduction in sensitivity after prolonged exposure to a stimulus

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5
Q

top-down processing

A

interpretation of sensations is influenced by available knowledge, experiences, and thoughts

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6
Q

just noticeable difference

A

difference in stimuli required to detect a difference between the stimuli

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7
Q

subliminal message

A

message presented below the threshold of conscious awareness

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8
Q

Weber’s law

A

Ernst Weber’s discovery that the difference threshold is a constant fraction of the original stimulus and bigger stimuli require larger differences to be noticed

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9
Q

transduction

A

conversion from sensory stimulus energy to action potential

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10
Q

binocular cue

A

cue that relies on the use of both eyes

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11
Q

binocular disparity

A

slightly different view of the world that each eye receives

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12
Q

linear perspective

A

perceive depth in an image when two parallel lines seem to converge

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13
Q

linear perspective

A

perceive depth in an image when two parallel lines seem to converge

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14
Q

monocular cue

A

cue that requires only one eye

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15
Q

opponent-process theory of color perception

A

color is coded in opponent pairs: black-white, yellow-blue, and red-green

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16
Q

synesthesia

A

the blending of two or more sensory experiences, or the automatic activation of a secondary (indirect) sensory experience due to certain aspects of the primary (direct) sensory stimulation.

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17
Q

trichromatic theory of color perception

A

color vision is mediated by the activity across the three groups of cones

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18
Q

vestibulo-ocular reflex

A

coordination of motion information with visual information that allows you to maintain your gaze on an object while you move.

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19
Q

basilar membrane

A

thin strip of tissue within the cochlea that contains the hair cells which serve as the sensory receptors for the auditory system

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20
Q

cochlea

A

a fluid-filled, snail-shaped structure that contains the sensory receptor cells (hair cells) of the auditory system

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21
Q

hair cell

A

auditory receptor cell of the inner ear

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22
Q

incus

A

middle ear ossicle; also known as the anvil

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23
Q

malleus

A

middle ear ossicle; also known as the hammer

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24
Q

pinna

A

visible part of the ear that protrudes from the head

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25
stapes
middle ear ossicle; also known as the stirrup
26
tympanic membrane
eardrum
27
binaural cue
two-eared cue to localize sound
28
cochlear implant
electronic device that consists of a microphone, a speech processor, and an electrode array to directly stimulate the auditory nerve to transmit information to the brain
29
conductive hearing loss
failure in the vibration of the eardrum and/or movement of the ossicles
30
congenital deafness
deafness from birth
31
interaural level difference
sound coming from one side of the body is more intense at the closest ear because of the attenuation of the sound wave as it passes through the head
32
interaural timing difference
small difference in the time at which a given sound wave arrives at each ear
33
Ménière’s disease
results in a degeneration of inner ear structures that can lead to hearing loss, tinnitus, vertigo, and an increase in pressure within the inner ear
34
monaural cue
one-eared cue to localize sound
35
place theory of pitch perception
different portions of the basilar membrane are sensitive to sounds of different frequencies
36
sensorineural hearing loss
failure to transmit neural signals from the cochlea to the brain
37
temporal theory of pitch perception
sound’s frequency is coded by the activity level of a sensory neuron
38
olfactory bulb
bulb-like structure at the tip of the frontal lobe, where the olfactory nerves begin
39
olfactory receptor
sensory cell for the olfactory system
40
pheromone
chemical message sent by another individual
41
taste bud
grouping of taste receptor cells with hair-like extensions that protrude into the central pore of the taste bud
42
umami
taste for monosodium glutamate
43
congenital insensitivity to pain (congenital analgesia)
genetic disorder that results in the inability to experience pain
44
inflammatory pain
signal that some type of tissue damage has occurred
45
Meissner’s corpuscle
touch receptor that responds to pressure and lower frequency vibrations
46
Merkel’s disk
touch receptor that responds to light touch
47
neuropathic pain
pain from damage to neurons of either the peripheral or central nervous system
48
nociception
sensory signal indicating potential harm and maybe pain
49
Pacinian corpuscle
touch receptor that detects transient pressure and higher frequency vibrations
50
Ruffini corpuscle
touch receptor that detects stretch
51
vestibular sense
contributes to our ability to maintain balance and body posture
52
kinesthesia
perception of the body’s movement through space
53
proprioception
perception of body position
54
closure
organizing our perceptions into complete objects rather than as a series of parts
55
figure-ground relationship
segmenting our visual world into figure and ground
56
good continuation (also, continuity)
we are more likely to perceive continuous, smooth flowing lines rather than jagged, broken lines
57
pattern perception
ability to discriminate among different figures and shapes
58
perceptual hypothesis
educated guess used to interpret sensory information
59
proximity
things that are close to one another tend to be grouped together
60
similarity
things that are alike tend to be grouped together
61
crossmodal phenomena
effects that concern the influence of the perception of one sensory modality on the perception of another
62
double flash illusion
the false perception of two visual flashes when a single flash is accompanied by two auditory beeps
63
integrated
the process by which the perceptual system combines information arising from more than one modality
64
McGurk effect
an effect in which conflicting visual and auditory components of a speech stimulus result in an illusory perception
65
multimodal
of or pertaining to multiple sensory modalities
66
multimodal perception
the effects that concurrent stimulation in more than one sensory modality has on the perception of events and objects in the world
67
multimodal phenomena
effects that concern the binding of inputs from multiple sensory modalities
68
rubber hand illusion
the false perception of a fake hand as belonging to a perceiver, due to multimodal sensory information
69
sensory modalities
a type of sense; for example, vision or audition
70
unimodal
of or pertaining to a single sensory modality
71
Which is the correct sequence that describes how sound reaches the brain?
pinna - auditory canal - tympanic membrane - ossicles - cochlea - auditory nerve
72
sensorineural hearing loss
deafness due to damage to cochlea

Psych 101 (8 decks)

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