Thinking 1 Flashcards
what is thinking?
the flexible organisation and manipulation of internal representations
what do rationalists emphasise?
- the constructivist nature of the human mind
- emphasise the importance of a priori existing concepts in the understanding of the sensory inputs we receive in order to perceive the world
what does empiricism emphasise?
- the importance of sensory observations to build this
- emphasise the sensory data
how does the brain think?
uses ‘algorithms’ and assumptions to actively construct an image of the world
- e.g. perceptual illusions, Gestalt laws - laws of continuity, law of closure etc
- brain tries to make meaningful objects from the sensory input
why does the brain make meaningful objects from sensory input?
- as we do not have unambiguous information coming through our senses
- incomplete “projection” into the brain, e.g. 3D-2D projections
- even colour can be ambiguous - blue/black, white/gold dress
- shadows looking like different animals
give examples of how the brain integrates specific observations (e.g. for visual object recognition: contour lines/ shape, colour) with all kinds of contextual information?
- the probability of the occurrence of a particular ‘object’ - depending on the narrative context, observers either see the young (‘wife’) or the old woman (‘mother in law’)
- other available information, e.g. the sound the object makes
what is the ventriloquist effect?
The perceived location of a sound is shifted in space by simultaneously occurring visual stimulus at incongruent location
what is the McGurk effect?
The perceived sound of a spoken syllable is altered by incongruent visual input of lip movement
who discovered perception as an unconscious inference?
Hermann von Helmholtz and Wilhelm Wundt
what is Bayesian cognition?
contradicting camps
- human cognition is based on Bayesian algorithms and this is what brains have evolved to do
- humans fail in taking prior probabilities (=base rate) into account
what are the 3 factors of probability?
- probabilities are non negative (real) numbers between 0 and 1 (0<p<1)
- The probability of the certain event is 1
- The probabilities of all separate events that comprise a set add up already and they add up to 1
what is conditional probability?
p(A I B) = the probability of B given A
the probability if a particular (hypothetical or real) ‘event’t, e.g. A=2 with in the set of another event
what is the Bayes Theorem equation?
p(H1 I O) = p(H1) X p (O I H1) / sum of p(Hi)p(O/Hi)
p(O I H1) = the probability of a certain observation O given that hypothesis H1 was true, also called the likelihood of observation O given H1
p (H1) = the prior probability of hypothesis H1 being true
p (O) = the prior probability of making observation O
p (H1 I O) = the posterior probability of hypothesis H1 being true given observation O being made
what is a bayesian inference?
to infer the observations to the (probability of the) hypothesis
3 key facts of Bayes theorem
- inference of ‘ground truth’ (the state of the world) on the basis of (limited) data always comes with uncertainty, since the likelihood, e.g. p (A I B) are virtually never o or 1. The data alone rarely ever tells us with 100% certainty whether Hypothesis 1 or 2 is correct
- in order to judge the best judgement / inference under uncertainty, the Bayes theorem is crucial
- For judging which hypothesis is the most likely, consideration of the prior probability is often crucial. individual observations are rarely enough, we need contextual information