Encoding in Real World Flashcards
what is sleep learning?
an attempt to convey information to a sleeping person, typically by playing a sound recording to them while they sleep.
what was the procedure of Simon and Emmons (1956) study on sleep learning?
During sleep participants hear questions and answers every five minutes. Participants’ EEGs are recorded throughout the night to monitor their sleep. Subsequently they are asked the questions they heard overnight
what were the results of simon & Emmons (1956)?
Performance is above chance. Learning has occurred.
But scores divided by EEG sleep state:
Awake but Relaxed 80%
Drowsy 50%
Drowsiness/light sleep transition 5%
Asleep No effect
what was Bruce, Evans, Fenwick and Spencer (1970) further study on sleep learning?
Present material to sleeping subjects then awaken them immediately. No evidence for memory.
what was the mock crisis during surgery study - Levinson (1965)
10 dental surgery patients.
Mock Crisis During Surgery:
“Just a moment! I don’t like the patient’s colour. Much too blue. Her lips are very blue. I’m going to give a little more oxygen… There, that’s better now. You can carry on with the operation.”
One month later patients were hypnotised
Four patients produced almost verbatim reports of the anaesthetist’s comments. Four produced partial reports and only two produced no recall at all under hypnosis.
what are the major problems with levinson’s study (1965)
- Serious ethical questions
- No control condition
- Suggestibility under hypnosis
- Experimenter not blind to hypothesis/condition
- No measure of degree of anaesthesia
Is Explicit memory from Anaesthesia possible?
Yes - raises at least two issues:
1. Anaesthesia may not be total - cocktail issue:
Anaesthetic (hypnotic agent)
Analgesic (removes pain)
Muscle relaxant
2. Different tests of memory may reveal different
evidence for memory from anaesthesia.
what is explicit memory?
requires conscious recollection of prior experiences.
what is implicit memory?
is revealed on tasks that do not require reference to a specific episode.
what are the typical explicit memory tasks
Free Recall: Subject attempts to remember target information without any assistance from the experimenter.
Cued Recall: Subject attempts to remember the target information in the presence of some specific cue (e.g. an associate of the word he or she is trying to remember).
Recognition: Subject is presented with a stimulus and must decide whether it is one that he or she was asked to remember.
what are the typical implicit memory tasks?
- word stem completion
- word fragment
- degraded picture naming
what is implicit memory from Anaesthesia? Isenlin-Chaves et al., (2005)
Depth of anaesthesia carefully monitored using EEG bispectral index
BIS ranges from 100 (awake) to 0 (minimal brain activity)
Participants listen to two lists of 20 words, each presented 25 times.
One word presented each 4 seconds - 70 minutes of presentation.
Words are all six letters long, and each word shares a stem (first three letters) with at least four other (french) words.
e.g. CHA - chaque, chacun, chaton, chacal, chatte
what is Jacoby (1991) - Process Dissociation Procedure
Inclusion Test - Produce items from any source.
Exclusion Test - Only produce items that you didn’t study previously.
Inclusion = R + A (1-R) R is conscious Recollection
Exclusion = A(1-R) A is unconscious or Automatic memory
Therefore
R = Inclusion - Exclusion and A = Exclusion / (1-R)
(where Inclusion, Exclusion, A and R are all expressed as probablilities)
what is the weapon focus? (Loftus, 1979; Loftus, Loftus & Messo, 1987)
The idea that arousal (during a crime) causes attention focusing such that only ‘central information’ is attended to. For example, the attacker’s knife rather than face.
what are the limitations of encoding stratergies?
- Chase & Ericsson (1981)
Participant S.F.
Simple digit span task with
250+ hours of training/testing - Based on chunking:
so 3492 =
“3 minutes 49 point 2 seconds - near world record mile time” - Doesn’t improve memory generally
- Letter span still at 6 items.
