THINKERS, BELIEFS AND BUILDINGS Flashcards
WHICH RULER PROVIDED MONEY FOR THE PRESERVATION OF SANCHI STUPA?
THE RULERS OF BHOPAL, SHAHJEHAN BEGUM AND HER SUCCESSOR SULTAN JEHAN BEGUM, PROVIDED MONEY FOR THE PRESERVATION OF THE ANCIENT SITE.
JOHN MARSHALL DEDICATED HIS IMPORTANT VOLUMES ON SANCHI TO SULTAN JEHAN.
WHY WAS RAJASUYA SACRIFICE OR YAJNA PERFORMED?
IT WAS PRESCRIBED AS A MEANS TO ESTABLISH A KING’S SOVEREIGNTY (CONSECRATION OF A KING).
BUDDHIST TEXTS MENTION AS MANY AS_____ SECTS OR SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT.
64.
WHAT WAS KUTAGARASHALA?
A HUT WITH POINTED ROOF- OR IN GROOVES WHERE TRAVELING MEDICANTS HALTED WHERE DEBATES TOOK PLACE.
IF A PHILOSOPHER SUCCEEDED IN CONVINCING ONE OF HIS RIVALS, THE FOLLOWERS OF THE LATTER ALSO BECAME HIS DISCIPLES.
SO SUPPORT FOR ANY PARTICULAR SECT COULD GROW AND SHRINK OVER TIME.
MAHAVIRA AND BUDDHA ON VEDAS?
THEY QUESTIONED THE AUTHORITY OF THE VEDAS.
THEY ALSO EMPHASIZED INDIVIDUAL AGENCY- SUGGESTING THAT MEN AND WOMEN COULD STRIVE TO ATTAIN LIBERATION FROM THE TRIALS AND TRIBULATIONS OF WORLDLY EXISTENCE.
WHAT WAS THE COUNCIL OF ELDERS?
NONE OF THE BUDDHA’S SPEECHES WERE WRITTEN DOWN DURING HIS LIFETIME.
AFTER HIS DEATH HIS TEACHINGS WERE COMPILED BY HIS DISCIPLES AT THE COUNCIL OF ELDERS OR SENIOR MONKS AT VESALI (PALI FOR VAISHALI IN PRESENT DAY BIHAR)
THESE COMPILATIONS WERE KNOWN AS TRIPITAKAS.
VINAYA PITAKA?
INCLUDED RULES AND REGULATIONS FOR THOSE WHO JOINED THE SANGHA OR MONASTIC ORDER.
SUTTA PITAKA?
TEACHINGS OF BUDDHA.
ABHIDHAMMA PITAKA?
DEALT WITH THE PHILOSOPHICAL MATTERS.
WHAT IS CHRONICLE OF THE ISLAND AND GREAT CHRONICLE?
AS BUDDHISM TRAVELLED TO NEW REGIONS SUCH AS SRI LANKA, OTHER TEXTS SUCH AS DIPAVAMSA (LITERALLY, THE CHRONICLE OF THE ISLAND) AND MAHAVAMSA (THE GREAT CHRONICLE) WERE WRITTEN, CONTAINING REGIONAL HISTORIES OF BUDDHISM.
WHO WERE AJIVIKAS?
1 THOSE WHO BELIEVE EVERYTHING IS PREDETERMINED.
2 ALSO KNOWN AS FATALISTS.
3 REJECTED THE DOCTRINE OF KARMA.
4 EXAMPLE MAKHALI GOSALA.
WHO WERE LOKYATAS?
ALSO KNOWN AS MATERIALISTS.
EXAMPLE AJITA KESAKAMBALIN.
CONTEMPORARIES OF BUDDHA AND MAHAVIRA?
1 BIMBISARA
2 AJATASATTU
3 MAKHALI GOSALA
WHAT IS UTTARADHYAYANA SUTTA?
IT IS A BOOK OF SVETAMBARA JAINS WRITTEN IN PRAKRIT.
IMPORTANT IDEAS IN JAINISM?
1 ENTIRE WORLD IS ANIMATED: EVEN STONES, ROCKS AND WATER HAVE LIFE.
2 NON INJURY TO LIVING BEINGS, ESPECIALLY TO HUMANS, ANIMALS, PLANTS AND INSECTS IS CENTRAL TO JAINA PHILOSOPHY.
3 PRINCIPLE OF AHIMSA.
JAINISM, CYCLE OF BIRTH AND REBIRTH AND KARMA?
1 ACCORDING TO JAINA TEACHINGS- THE CYCLE OF BIRTH AND REBIRTH IS SHAPED THROUGH KARMA.
2 ASCETICISM AND PENANCE ARE REQUIRED TO FREE ONESELF FROM THE CYCLE OF KARMA.
3 THIS CAN BE ACHIEVED ONLY BY RENOUNCING THE WORLD.
4 MONASTIC EXISTENCE IS THEREFORE A NECESSARY CONDITION OF SALVATION.
TIRTHANKARAS?
MAHAVIRA WAS PRECEDED BY 23 OTHER TEACHERS OR TIRTHANKARAS LITERALLY THOSE WHO GUIDE MEN AND WOMEN ACROSS THE RIVER OF EXISTENCE.
THE BASIC PHILOSOPHY OF THE JAINAS WAS ALREADY IN EXISTENCE IN NORTH INDIA BEFORE THE BIRTH OF VARDHAMANA, WHO CAME TO BE KNOWN AS MAHAVIRA IN THE 6TH CENTURY BCE.
LANGUAGES USED FOR BUDDHIST AND JAINA LITERATURE?
BUDDHIST AND JAINA SCHOLARS PRODUCED A WEALTH OF LITERATURE IN A VARIETY OF LANGUAGES- PRAKRIT, SANSKRIT AND TAMIL.
WHAT IS HAGIOGRAPHY?
HAGIOGRAPHY IS A BIOGRAPHY OF A SAINT OR RELIGIOUS LEADER.
THESE OFTEN PRAISE THE SAINT’S ACHIEVEMENTS AND MAY NOT ALWAYS BE LITERALLY ACCURATE.
_______ AS THE BUDDHA WAS NAMED AT BIRTH, WAS THE SON OF A CHIEF OF THE_____ CLAN?
SIDDHARTHA, SAKYA.
DID BUDDHA ADOPTED ANY EXTREME METHODS IN SEARCH OF TRUTH?
SIDDHARTHA OR BUDDHA EXPLORED SEVERAL PATHS INCLUDING BODILY MORTIFICATION WHICH LED HIM TO A SITUATION OF NEAR DEATH.
ABANDONING THESE EXTREME METHODS, HE MEDITATED FOR SEVERAL DAYS AND FINALLY ATTAINED ENLIGHTENMENT.
FOR THE REST OF HIS LIFE, HE TAUGHT DHAMMA OR THE PUSH OF RIGHTEOUS LIVING.
BUDDHIST PHILOSOPHY ABOUT THE WORLD?
1 THE WORLD IS TRANSIENT (ANICCA) AND CONSTANTLY CHANGING.
2 IT IS ALSO SOULLESS (ANATTA) AS THERE IS NOTHING PERMANENT OR ETERNAL IN IT.
3 WITH THIS TRANSIENT WORLD, SORROW (DUKKHA) IS INTRINSIC TO HUMAN EXISTENCE.
4 BY FOLLOWING THE PATH OF MODERATION (MIDDLE PATH) BETWEEN SEVERE PENANCE AND SELF INDULGENCE THAT HUMAN BEINGS CAN RISE ABOVE THESE WORLDLY TROUBLES.
WHAT DOES WORD ANICCA AND ANATTA MEANS?
IN BUDDHIST PHILOSOPHY THE WORD
ANNICA= TRANSIENT
ANATTA= SOULLESS
BUDDHA’S ADVICE TO SIGALA IN SUTTA PITAKA?
● IN FIVE WAYS SHOULD A MASTER LOOK AFTER HIS SERVANTS AND EMPLOYEES.
1 BY ASSIGNING THEM WORK ACCORDING TO THEIR STRENGTH.
2 BY SUPPLYING THEM WITH FOOD AND WAGES.
3 BY TENDING THEM IN SICKNESS.
4 BY SHARING DELICACIES WITH THEM.
5 BY GRANTING LEAVE AT TIMES.
● IN FIVE WAYS SHOULD THE CLANSMEN LOOK AFTER THE NEEDS OF SAMANS (THOSE WHO HAVE RENOUNCED THE WORLD) AND BRAHMANAS
BY AFFECTION IN
1 ACT 2 SPEECH 3 MIND
4 BY KEEPING OPEN HOUSE TO THEM.
5 SUPPLYING THEIR WORLDLY NEEDS.
TERM SAMANAS AND SAMANERAS MEAN?
IN BUDDHIST PHILOSOPHY SAMANAS ARE THOSE WHO HAVE RENOUNCED THE WORLD.
NOVICES WERE CALLED SAMANERAS.
CAN ALSO BE CALLED BHIKKHUS AND BHIKKHUNIS (FEMALES).
WHY DID BUDDHA EMPHASIZED INDIVIDUAL AGENCY AND RIGHTEOUS ACTION?
HE CONSIDERED THEM TO BE THE MEANS TO ESCAPE FROM THE CYCLE OF REBIRTH AND ATTAIN SELF REALIZATION AND NIBBANA (LITERALLY THE EXTINGUISHING OF THE EGO AND DESIRE) AND THUS END THE CYCLE OF SUFFERING FOR THOSE WHO RENOUNCED THE WORLD.
ACCORDING TO BUDDHIST TRADITIONS, BUDDHA’S LAST WORDS TO HIS FOLLOWERS WERE?
“BE LAMPS UNTO YOURSELVES AS ALL OF YOU MUST WORK OUT YOUR OWN LIBERATION”.
INITIALLY WOMEN WERE NOT ALLOWED INTO SANGHAS. TRUE/FALSE ?
TRUE.
INITIALLY ONLY MEN WERE ALLOWED INTO THE SANGHA, BUT LATER WOMEN ALSO CAME TO BE ADMITTED.
ACCORDING TO BUDDHIST TEXTS, THIS WAS MADE POSSIBLE THROUGH THE MEDIATION OF ANANDA, ONE OF THE BUDDHA’S DEAREST DISCIPLES, WHO PERSUADED HIM TO ALLOW WOMEN INTO THE SANGHA.
THE FIRST WOMAN TO BE ORDAINED AS A BHIKKHUNI?
BUDDHA’S FOSTER MOTHER, MAHAPAJAPATI GOTAMI.
