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ANCIENT HISTORY > BRICKS, BEADS AND BONES > Flashcards

BRICKS, BEADS AND BONES Flashcards

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1
Q

HARAPPAN SEAL IS MADE OF A STONE CALLED?

A

STEATITE.

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2
Q

INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION IS ALSO CALLED THE?

A

HARAPPAN CULTURE.

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3
Q

WHAT DID PEOPLE OF HARAPPAN CULTURE WORSHIP?

A

ANIMALS (BULLS) AND TREES ETC.

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4
Q

HARAPPAN SITES FROM HARYANA?

A

1 RAKHIGARHI
2 MITATHAL
3 SISWAL (EARLY)
4 BANAWALI.

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5
Q

HARAPPAN SITE FROM JAMMU?

A

MANDA.

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6
Q

AMRI HARAPPAN SITE IS LOCATED IN?

A

PAKISTAN.

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7
Q

BALAKOT OR KOT BALA HARAPPAN SITE IS LOCATED IN?

A

PAKISTAN.

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8
Q

DESERT AREA OF PAKISTAN THAT BORDER THE THAR DESERT IS (ANCIENT INDIA)?

A

CHOLISTAN.

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9
Q

FINDINGS FROM BANAWALI?

A

1 TERRACOTTA PLOUGH.
2 LAPIZ LAZULI.
3. FIRE ALTARS OVAL SHAPED SETTLEMENTS.
4. ONLY CITY WITH RADIAL STREETS.
5. BARLEY GRAINS.

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10
Q

FINDINGS FROM CHANHUDARO?

A

ALMOST EXCLUSIVELY DEVOTED TO CRAFT PRODUCTION.
1 BEADS. (STONES LIKE CARNELIAN, JASPER ETC WERE USED).
2 SPECIALIZED DRILLS.
3 SHELL CUTTING AND BEAD MAKING, METAL WORKING, SEAL MAKING AND WEIGHT MAKING.

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11
Q

FINDINGS FROM SURKOTADA?

A

HORSE BONES.

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12
Q

RANGPUR HARAPPAN SITE IS LOCATED IN?

A

GUJARAT.
TO WEST OF LOTHAL.

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13
Q

NAGESHWAR HARAPPAN SITE IS LOCATED IN?

A

GUJARAT.

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14
Q

SHELL OBJECTS HAVE BEEN FOUND FROM WHICH HARAPPAN SITES?

A

NAGESHWAR AND BALAKOT.
THESE WERE SPECIALIZED CENTRES FOR MAKING SHELL OBJECTS- INCLUDING BANGLES, LADLES AND INLAY.

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15
Q

DAMB SADAAT HARAPPAN SITE IS LOCATED IN?

A

BALUCHISTAN, PAKISTAN.

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16
Q

FINDINGS FROM CHOLISTAN?

A

TERRACOTTA PLOUGH.

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17
Q

GRAINS FOUND AT HARAPPAN SITES INCLUDE?

A

1 WHEAT
2 BARLEY
3 LENTIL
4 CHICKPEAS
5 SESAME
6 MILLETS FOUND FROM SITES IN GUJARAT .

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18
Q

ANIMAL BONES FOUND AT HARAPPAN SITES INCLUDE?

A

1 CATTLE, SHEEP, GOAT, BUFFALO AND PIG.
2 WILD SPECIES SUCH AS BOAR, DEER, GHARIAL.
3 FISH AND FOWL.

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19
Q

IRRIGATION IN HARAPPAN TIMES IS EVIDENCED BY FINDINGS FROM?

A

1 TRACES OF CANALS HAVE BEEN FOUND AT HARAPPAN SITE OF SHORTUGHAI IN AFGHANISTAN, BUT NOT IN PUNJAB OR SIND.
2 WATER RESERVOIRS IN DHOLAVIRA.

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20
Q

TYPES OF QUERNS FOUND AT MOHENJODARO?

A

1 THOSE ON WHICH ANOTHER SMALL STONE WAS PUSHED OR ROLLED TO AND FRO - WERE PROBABLY USED FOR GRINDING GRAINS.
2 IN WHICH SECOND STONE WAS A POUNDER, EVENTUALLY MAKING A LARGE CAVITY IN THE NETHER STONE- POSSIBLY USED FOR POUNDING HERBS AND SPICES FOR MAKING CURRIES- ALSO DUBBED AS CURRY STONES.

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21
Q

BRICKS OF HARAPPAN CULTURE?

A

1 SUN DRIED OR BAKED.
2 STANDARDIZED RATIO- LENGHT:BREADTH:HEIGHT =4:2:1.

22
Q

HOW WERE ROADS AND STREETS OF LOWER TOWN LAID OUT DURING HARAPPAN CULTURE?

A

LAID OUT ALONG AN APPROXIMATE GRID PATTERN, INTERSECTING AT RIGHT ANGLES.
IT SEEMS THAT STREETS WITH DRAINS WERE LAID OUT FIRST AND THEN HOUSES BUILT ALONG THEM.

23
Q

VARIATIONS IN CITADEL?

A

MOST HARAPPAN SETTLEMENTS HAVE A SMALL HIGH WESTERN PART AND A LARGER LOWER EASTERN SECTION THERE ARE VARIATIONS.
AT DHOLAVIRA AND LOTHAL ENTIRE SETTLEMENT WAS FORTIFIED AND SECTIONS WITHIN THE TOWN WERE ALSO SEPARATED BY WALLS.
THE CITADEL WITHIN LOTHAL WAS NOT WALLED OFF, BUT WAS BUILT AT A HEIGHT.

24
Q

FATHER OF INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY?

A

ALEXANDER CUNNINGHAM, THE FIRST DIRECTOR GENERAL OF THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA (ASI).

25
Q

DRAINAGE SYSTEM OF HARAPPAN CULTURE?

A

1 EVERY HOUSE WAS CONNECTED TO THE STREET DRAINS.
2 MAIN CHANNELS WERE MADE OF BRICK SET IN MORTAR.
3 LOOSE BRICKS OR LIMESTONE USED FOR COVERS WHICH CAN BE REMOVED FOR CLEANING.
4 HOUSE DRAINS FIRST EMPTIED INTO A SUMP OR CESSPITS INTO WHICH SOLID MATTER SETTLED WHILE WASTE WATER FLOWED OUT INTO THE STREET DRAINS.
5 DRAINAGE SYSTEM WERE NOT UNIQUE TO THE LARGER CITIES BUT WERE FOUND IN SMALLER SETTLEMENTS AS WELL. AT LOTHAL FOR EXAMPLE, WHILE HOUSES WERE BUILT OF MUD BRICKS, DRAINS WERE MADE OF BURNT BRICKS.

26
Q

DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE OF LOWER TOWN OF MOHENJODARO?

A

1 MANY HOUSES WERE CENTRED ON A COURTYARD WITH ROOMS ON ALL SIDES.
2 COURTYARD WAS PROBABLY THE CENTRE OF ACTIVITIES SUCH AS COOKING AND WEAVING PARTICULARLY DURING HOT AND DRY SEASON.
3 CONCERN FOR PRIVACY- NO WINDOWS IN THE WALLS ALONG THE GROUND LEVEL.
4 MAIN ENTRANCE DOES NOT GIVE A DIRECT VIEW OF THE INTERIOR OR THE COURTYARD.
5 EVERY HOUSE HAD ITS OWN BATHROOM WITH DRAINS CONNECTED TO STREET DRAINS.
6 STAIRCASES TO REACH A SECOND STOREY OR THE ROOF.
7 MANY HOUSES HAD WELLS, OFTEN IN A ROOM THAT COULD BE REACHED FROM THE OUTSIDE AND PERHAPS USED BY PASSERS-BY.

27
Q

AS PER SCHOLARS TOTAL NUMBER OF WELLS IN MOHENJODARO WAS ABOUT?

A

700.

28
Q

THE 1ST HARAPPAN SITE TO BE DISCOVERED WAS?

A

MOHENJODARO.

29
Q

HOW WE CAN FIND OUT WHETHER THERE WERE SOCIAL OR ECONOMIC DIFFERENCES AMONGST PEOPLE OF HARAPPAN CIVILIZATION?

A

1 STUDY BURIALS.
2 STUDY ARTEFACTS- UTILITARIAN AND LUXURIES.

30
Q

BURIALS OF HARAPPAN CULTURE?

A

1 DEAD WERE GENERALLY LAID IN PITS.
2 SOME GRAVES CONTAIN POTTERY AND ORNAMENTS LIKE JEWELLERY.
3 SOME WERE BURIED WITH COPPER MIRRORS.
4 ON A WHOLE, IT APPEARS THAT HARAPPANS DID NOT BELIEVE IN BURYING PRECIOUS THINGS WITH THE DEAD.

31
Q

ARTEFACTS FROM HARAPPAN CULTURE?

A

1 UTILITARIAN - OBJECTS OF DAILY USE WERE MADE FROM ORDINARY MATERIAL SUCH AS STONE OR CLAY. EXAMPLE- QUERNS, POTTERY, NEEDLES, FLESH-RUBBERS (BODY SCRUBBERS) ETC.
2 LUXURIES- THEY WERE RARE OR MADE FROM COSTLY, NON LOCAL MATERIALS OR WITH COMPLICATED TECHNOLOGIES. EXAMPLE FAIENCE (MADE OF GROUND SAND OR SILICA MIXED WITH COLOR AND A GUM AND THEN FIRED), MINIATURE POTS OF FAIENCE PERHAPS USED AS PERFUME BOTTLES ARE FOUND MOSTLY IN MOHENJODARO AND HARAPPA AND THERE ARE NONE FROM SETTLEMENTS LIKE KALIBANGAN.

32
Q

MEANING OF TERM HOARDS IN ANCIENT INDIA?

A

HOARDS ARE OBJECTS KEPT CAREFULLY BY PEOPLE OFTEN INSIDE CONTAINERS SUCH AS POTS. SUCH HOARDS CAN BE OF JEWELLERY OR METAL OBJECTS SAVED FOR REUSE BY METAL WORKERS.

33
Q

MODES OF TRANSPORT IN HARAPPAN CULTURE FOR PROCURING MATERIALS?

A

1 TERRACOTTA TOY MODELS OF BULLOCK CARTS SUGGESTS USE OF LAND ROUTES.
2 RIVERINE ROUTES ALONG INDUS AND ITS TRIBUTARIES WERE ALSO USED.

34
Q

PLACES FROM WHERE HARAPPANS PROCURE MATERIALS OR STRATEGIES OF PROCURING MATERIAL?

A
  1. MATERIALS FROM CONTINENT AND BEYOND.
    ● NAGESHWAR AND BALAKOT- SHELLS.
    ● SHORTUGHAI (AFGHANISTAN)- LAPIS LAZULI (BLUE STONE).
    ● LOTHAL WAS NEAR SOURCES OF CARNELIAN (FROM BHARUCH IN GUJARAT).
    ● STEATITE FROM SOUTH RAJASTHAN AND NORTH GUJARAT.
    ● METAL FROM RAJASTHAN.
    ● KHETRI REGION AKA GANESHWAR JODHPURA CULTURE (RAJASTHAN)- DISTINCTIVE NON HARAPPAN POTTERY AND UNUSUAL WEALTH OF COPPER OBJECTS. SUPPLIED COPPER.
  2. CONTACT WITH DISTANT LANDS.
    ● OMANI (MAGAN) COPPER AND HARAPPAN ARTEFACTS HAVE TRACE OF NICKEL- HARAPPAN JAR COATED WITH THICK LAYER OF BLACK CLAY FOUND AT OMANI SITES. SUCH THICK COATING PREVENT THE PERCOLATION OF LIQUIDS.
    ● LOCAL DILMUN WEIGHTS FOLLOWED THE HARAPPAN STANDARD.
    ● MESOPOTAMIAN TEXTS MENTION CONTACT WITH REGIONS NAMED DILMUN (BAHRAIN) MAGAN AND MELUHHA, POSSIBLY THE HARAPPAN REGION.
35
Q

MESOPOTAMIAN TEXTS REFER TO MELUHHA AS?

A

LAND OF SEAFARERS.

36
Q

SEALS, SCRIPTS AND WEIGHTS OF HARAPPAN CULTURE?

A

● SEALS AND SEALINGS
1 USED TO FACILITATE LONG DISTANCE COMMUNICATION.
2 SEALING ALSO CONVEYED THE IDENTITY OF THE SENDER.
● AN ENIGMATIC SCRIPT
1 WRITING CONTAINS NAME AND TITLE OF THE OWNER.
2 WRITTEN FROM RIGHT TO LEFT.
● WEIGHTS
1 EXCHANGES REGULATED BY A PRECISE SYSTEM OF WEIGHTS.
2 USUALLY MADE OF A STONE CALLED CHERT AND GENERALLY CUBICAL.
3 NO MARKINGS.
4 LOWER DENOMINATIONS OF WEIGHTS WERE BINARY (1,2,4,8,16,32 ETC UP TO 12800).
5 HIGHER DENOMINATIONS FOLLOWED THE DECIMAL SYSTEM.
6 METAL SCALE PANS HAVE ALSO BEEN FOUND.

37
Q

WAS BRICKS OF HARAPPAN CIVILIZATION PRODUCED AT SINGLE CENTRE?

A

BRICKS THOUGH OBVIOUSLY NOT PRODUCED IN ANY SINGLE CENTRE WERE OF A UNIFORM RATIO THROUGHOUT THE REGION FROM JAMMU TO GUJARAT.

38
Q

HARAPPAN STATE CAME TO AN END IS EVIDENCED BY?

A

1 DISAPPEARANCE OF SEALS, THE SCRIPT, DISTINCTIVE BEADS AND POTTERY.
2 SHIFT FROM STANDARDIZED WEIGHT SYSTEM TO THE USE OF LOCAL WEIGHTS.
3 DECLINE AND ABANDONMENT OF CITIES.

39
Q

JHUKAR HARAPPAN SITE IS LOCATED IN?

A

SIND, PAKISTAN.

40
Q

DEADMAN LANE IS FOUND AT WHICH HARAPPAN SITE?

A

MOHENJODARO.
MYTHICAL MASSACRE OF MOHENJODARO.

41
Q

WHAT DOES THE WORD PUR MEANS IN RIGVEDA?

A

PUR MEANS RAMPART, FORT OR STRONGHOLD.
INDRA, THE ARYAN WAR GOD IS CALLED PURAMDARA, THE FORT DESTROYER.

42
Q

WHAT IS STRATIGRAPHY? AND ITS USES?
WHAT ARE ABANDONMENTS?

A

STRATIGRAPHY IS THE STUDY OF ARRANGEMENT AND SUCCESSION OF LAYERS, AS WELL AS THE ORIGIN, COMPOSITION AND DISTRIBUTION OF THESE GEOLOGICAL STRATA.
OCCUPATIONS ARE DETECTED BY TRACES OF ANCIENT MATERIALS FOUND IN LAYERS, WHICH DIFFER FROM ONE ANOTHER IN COLOUR, TEXTURE AND ARTEFACTS THAT ARE FOUND IN THEM.
ABANDONMENT OR DESERTIONS WHAT ARE CALLED STERILE LAYERS CAN BE IDENTIFIED BY THE ABSENCE OF SUCH TRACES.

43
Q

HOW DID R.E.M WHEELER’S EXCAVATING TECHNIQUE DIFFER FROM JOHN MARSHALL?

A

● JOHN MARSHALL
1 EXCAVATED ALONG REGULAR HORIZONTAL UNITS.
2 IGNORED STRATIGRAPHY OF THE SITE.
3 THIS MEANS ALL THE ARTEFACTS RECOVERED FROM THE SAME UNIT WERE GROUPED TOGETHER, EVEN IF THEY WERE FOUND AT DIFFERENT STRATIGRAPHIC LAYERS.
4 VALUABLE INFORMATION ABOUT THE CONTEXT OF THESE FINDS WAS IRRETRIEVABLY LOST.
● R.E.M WHEELER
1 FOLLOWED THE STRATIGRAPHY.
2 HE BROUGHT WITH HIM A MILITARY PRECISION TO THE PRACTICE OF ARCHAEOLOGY.

44
Q

WHAT ALLOWS ARCHAEOLOGISTS TO BETTER RECONSTRUCT HARAPPAN LIFE?

A

IT IS NOT THE HARAPPAN SCRIPT THAT HELPS IN UNDERSTANDING THE ANCIENT CIVILIZATION. RATHER IT IS MATERIAL EVIDENCE THAT ALLOWS ARCHAEOLOGISTS TO BETTER RECONSTRUCT HARAPPAN LIFE.

45
Q

THE WORD RUDRA IN RIGVEDA AND PURANIC TRADITIONS MEANS?

A

RUDRA IS A NAME USED FOR SHIVA IN LATER PURANIC TRADITIONS.
HOWEVER UNLIKE SHIVA, RUDRA IN THE RIGVEDA IS NEITHER DEPICTED AS PASHUPATI (LORD OF ANIMALS IN GENERAL AND CATTLE IN PARTICULAR), NOR AS A YOGI.

46
Q

WHAT ARE SHAMANS IN ANCIENT TERMS?

A

SHAMANS ARE MEN AND WOMEN WHO CLAIM MAGICAL AND HEALING POWERS AS WELL AS AN ABILITY TO COMMUNICATE WITH THE OTHER WORLD.

47
Q

GAMESMEN OR LINGAS IN HARAPPAN CULTURE WERE MADE FROM?

A

LAPIS LAZULI, JASPER, CHALCEDONY AND OTHER STONES.

48
Q

WHICH HARAPPAN SITE LAY ON A TRADE ROUTE BETWEEN HARAPPAN SITES IN SINDH AND SAURASHTRA PENINSULA?

A

LOTHAL.

49
Q

ARTEFACTS FOUND FROM LOTHAL?

A

1 MODELS OF BOATS.
2 PERSIAN GULF SEALS.
3 TERRACOTTA MODEL.
4 TERRACOTTA PYRAMID.
5 SUMERIAN HEAD OF MUMMY.
6 CARNELIAN, LAPIS LAZULI.

50
Q

DHOLAVIRA IS ALSO KNOWN BY THE NAME?

A

KOTADA TIMBA.

51
Q

MONSOON CHANNELS FROM DHOLAVIRA?

A

1 MENHAR
2 MANSAR
MOUNDSARE IS LOCATED NEARBY DHOLAVIRA.
REMAINS OF COMPLETE WATER SYSTEM.
RAINWATER HARVESTING TECHNIQUE WERE IN USE.

52
Q

THREE DIVISIONS OF DHOLAVIRA?

A

1 ACROPOLIS (UPPER TOWN)- MASSIVE CASTLE.
2 BAILEY (MIDDLE TOWN)
3 LOWER TOWN- SERIES OF RESERVOIR.
ACROPOLIS AND BAILEY WERE SEPARATED BY HUGE CEREMONIAL GROUND.

ANCIENT HISTORY (16 decks)

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