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ANCIENT HISTORY > KINGSHIP, CASTE AND CLASS > Flashcards

KINGSHIP, CASTE AND CLASS Flashcards

1
Q

TERM KULA, JNATI AND VAMSHA MEANS?

A

SANSKRIT TEXTS USES THE TERM
1 KULA- TO DESIGNATE FAMILIES
2 JNATI- FOR LARGER NETWORK OF KINFOLK
3 VAMSHA- FOR LINEAGE.

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2
Q

OUTCOME OF MAHABHARATA?

A

PANDAVAS EMERGED VICTORIOUS. AFTER THAT, PATRILINEAL SUCCESSION WAS PROCLAIMED.
WHILE PATRILINY HAD EXISTED PRIOR TO THE COMPOSITION OF THE EPIC, THE CENTRAL STORY OF THE MAHABHARATA REINFORCED THE IDEA THAT IT WAS VALUABLE.
UNDER PATRILINY, SONS COULD CLAIM THE RESOURCES (INCLUDING THE THRONE IN THE CASE OF KINGS) OF THEIR FATHERS WHEN THE LATTER DIED.

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3
Q

WHAT IS PATRILINIY AND MATRILINY?

A

PATRILINIY= TRACING DESCENT FROM FATHER TO SON, GRANDSON AND SO ON.
MATRILINY= TRACING DESCENT FROM MOTHER.

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4
Q

WAS PATRILINY UNIQUE TO RULING FAMILIES?

A

THE CONCERN WITH THE PATRILINY WAS NOT UNIQUE TO RULING FAMILIES.
IT IS EVIDENT IN MANTRAS IN RITUAL TEXTS SUCH AS THE RIGVEDA.

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5
Q

WHAT IS ADI PARVAN?

A

THE FIRST SECTION OF THE SANSKRIT MAHABHARATA.

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6
Q

ENDOGAMY?

A

MARRIAGE WITHIN A UNIT- THIS COULD BE A KIN GROUP, CASTE, OR A GROUP LIVING IN THE SAME LOCALITY.

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7
Q

EXOGAMY ?

A

REFERES TO MARRIAGE OUTSIDE THE UNIT.

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8
Q

POLYGYNY ?

A

POLYGYNY IS THE PRACTICE OF A MAN HAVING SEVERAL WIVES.

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9
Q

POLYANDRY ?

A

PRACTICE OF A WOMAN HAVING SEVERAL HUSBANDS.
EXAMPLE DRAUPADI’S MARRIAGE WITH THE PANDAVAS.

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10
Q

MARRIAGES RECOGNIZED BY DHARMASUTRAS AND DHARMASHASTRAS ?

A

DHARMASUTRAS AND DHARMASHASTRAS (MANUSMRITI BEING ONE OF THE IMPORTANT WORKS) RECOGNIZED AS MANY AS 8 FORMS OF MARRIAGE.
FIRST FOUR WERE CONSIDERED AS GOOD WHILE THE REMAINING WERE CONDEMNED-IT IS POSSIBLE THAT THESE WERE PRACTICED BY THOSE WHO DID NOT ACCEPT BRAHMANICAL NORMS.

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11
Q

GOTRAS RULES?

A

1 EACH GOTRA WAS NAMED AFTER A VEDIC SEER.
2 ALL THOSE WHO BELONGED TO THE SAME GOTRA WERE CONSIDERED AS HIS DESCENDANTS.
3 WOMEN WERE EXPECTED TO GIVE UP THEIR FATHER’S GOTRA AND ADOPT THAT OF THEIR HUSBAND ON MARRIAGE (EXCEPTION SATAVAHANA RULERS).
4 MEMBERS OF THE SAME GOTRA COULD NOT MARRY.

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12
Q

FIRST MARRIAGE AS PER MANUSMRITI?

A

GIFT OF A DAUGHTER AFTER DRESSING HER IN COSTLY CLOTHES AND HONOURING HER WITH PRESENTS OF JEWELS, TO A MAN LEARNED IN THE VEDA WHOM THE FATHER HIMSELF INVITES.

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13
Q

FOURTH MARRIAGE AS PER MANUSMRITI?

A

GIFT OF A DAUGHTER BY THE FATHER AFTER HE HAS ADDRESSED THE COUPLE WITH THE TEXT, “MAY BOTH OF YOU PERFORM YOUR DUTIES TOGETHER”, AND HAS SHOWN HONOUR TO THE BRIDEGROOM.

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14
Q

FIFTH MARRIAGE AS PER MANUSMRITI?

A

WHEN THE BRIDEGROOM RECIEVES A MAIDEN, AFTER HAVING GIVEN AS MUCH WEALTH AS HE CAN AFFORD TO THE KINSMEN AND TO THE BRIDE HERSELF, ACCORDING TO HIS OWN WILL.

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15
Q

SIXTH MARRIAGE AS PER MANUSMRITI?

A

THE VOLUNTARY UNION OF A MAIDEN AND HER LOVER WHICH SPRINGS DESIRE.

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16
Q

RAJA GOTAMI PUTA?

A

SIRI SATAKANI.
SIRI YANA SATAKANI.
SIRI VIJAYA SATAKANI.

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17
Q

RAJA VASITHI PUTA?

A

(SAMI) SIRI PULUMAYI.

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18
Q

RAJA MADHARI PUTA?

A

SVAMI SAKASENA.

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19
Q

RAJA VASATHI PUTA?

A

CHATARAPANA SATAKANI

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20
Q

RAJA HARITI PUTA?

A

VINHUKADA CHUTUKULANAMDA SATAKAMNI.

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21
Q

METRONYMICS (NAME DERIVED FROM MOTHERS) IN UPANISHADS?

A

THE BRIHADARANYAKA UPANISHAD, ONE OF THE EARLIEST UPANISHADS CONTAIN A SUCCESSIVE GENERATIONS OF TEACHERS AND STUDENTS, MANY OF WHOM WERE DESIGNATED BY METRONYMICS.

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22
Q

EXCEPTION TO MARRIAGE AND GOTRA RULES?

A

1 SOME OF THE SATAVAHANA RULERS WERE POLYGYNOUS.
2 WOMEN DERIVE GOTRAS FROM THEIR FATHERS RATHER THAN HUSBAND AND SONS DERIVED GOTRAS FROM MOTHERS.
3 THEY PRACTICED ENDOGAMY, SOME OF THE WOMEN BELONGED TO THE SAME GOTRA.

23
Q

SUCCESSION RULES IN SATAVAHANA DYNASTY?

A

SATAVAHANA RULERS WERE IDENTIFIED THROUGH METRONYMICS (NAME DERIVED FROM THAT OF THE MOTHER).
IN THE CASE OF THE SATAVAHANAS WE KNOW THAT SUCCESSION TO THE THRONE WAS GENERALLY PATRILINEAL.

24
Q

THINGS LAID DOWN IN DHARMASUTRAS AND DHARMASHASTRAS?

A

1 IDEAL ORDER OF CASTE WAS LAID DOWN IN DHARMASUTRAS AND DHARMASHASTRAS.
2 THEY ALSO CONTAINED THE RULES ABOUT THE IDEAL OCCUPATIONS OF FOUR CATEGORIES OF VARNAS.
● BRAHMANS- STUDY AND TEACH VEDAS, PERFROM SACRIFICES AND GET SACRIFICES PERFORMED, AND GIVE AND RECIEVE GIFTS.
● KSHATRIYAS- ENGAGE IN WARFARE, PROTECT PEOPLE AND ADMINISTER JUSTICE, STUDY THE VEDAS, GET SACRIFICES PERFORMED AND MAKE GIFTS.
● VAISHYAS- AGRICULTURE, PASTORALISM AND TRADE- STUDY THE VEDAS, GET SACRIFICES PERFORMED AND MAKE GIFTS.
● SHUDRAS- SERVE OTHER THREE VARNAS.
3 MARRIAGE RULES.
4 RULES FOR DIVISION OF PATERNAL ESTATE AMONG CHILDREN.
5 BRAHMANICAL VIEW OF SOCIETY WAS CODIFIED IN THE DHARMASUTRAS AND DHARMASHASTRAS.

25
Q

BRAHMANS STRATEGY TO ENFORCE CASTE AND OTHER NORMS?

A

1 VARNA ORDER WAS OF DIVINE ORIGIN.
2 THEY ADVISED KINGS TO ENSURE THAT THESE NORMS WERE FOLLOWED WITHIN THEIR KINGDOMS.
3 THEY ATTEMPTED TO PERSUADE PEOPLE THAT THEIR STATUS WAS DETERMINED BY BIRTH.
4 TO JUSTIFY THEIR CLAIMS, BRAHMANS OFTEN CITED A VERSE FROM A HYMN IN THE RIGVEDA KNOWN AS THE PURUSHA SUKTA, DESCRIBING THE SACRIFICE OF THE PURUSHA, THE PRIMEVAL MAN.

26
Q

WHAT WAS TERM NISHADA FROM ADI PARVAN OF MAHABHARATA?

A

NISHADA WAS A HUNTING COMMUNITY.
EKLAVYA WAS A FOREST DWELLING NISHADA.

27
Q

NON KSHATRIYAS KINGS?

A

1 SHUNGAS AND KANVAS- THE IMMEDIATE SUCCESSORS OF MAURYAS WERE BRAHMANS. IN FACT, POLITICAL POWER WAS EFFECTIVELY OPEN TO ANYONE WHO COULD MUSTER SUPPORT AND RESOURCES, AND RARELY DEPENDED ON BIRTH AS KSHATRIYA.
2 SHAKAS- WERE REGARDED AS MLECHCHHAS, BARBARIANS OR OUTSIDERS. RUDRADAMAN BEST KNOWN SHAKA RULER REBUILT SUDARSHANA LAKE. THIS SUGGESTS THAT POWERFUL MLECHCHHAS WERE FAMILIAR WITH SANSKRITIC TRADITIONS.
3 GOTAMI-PUTA SIRI SATAKANI- BOTH A UNIQUE BRAHMAN (EKA BRAHMANA) AND A DESTROYER OF THE PRIDE OF KSHATRIYAS. HE ALSO CLAIMED TO HAVE ENSURED THAT THERE WAS NO INTERMARRIAGE AMONGST MEMBERS OF THE FOUR VARNAS. AT THE SAME TIME HE ENTERED INTO A MARRIAGE ALLIANCE WITH THE KIN OF RUDRADAMAN.

28
Q

HOW WERE JATIS DIFFERENT FROM VARNAS?

A

1 JATI LIKE VARNA WAS BASED ON BIRTH.
2 NUMBER OF VARNAS WERE FIXED AT FOUR, THERE WAS NO RESTRICTION ON THE NUMBER OF JATIS.
3 GOLDSMITH OR SUVARNAKARAS, WHICH DID NOT EASILY FIT INTO THE FOURFOLD VARNA SYSTEM, THEY CALSSIFIED THEM AS JATI.
4 JATIS WHICH SHARED A COMMON OCCUPATION OR PROFESSION WERE SOMETIMES ORGANIZED INTO SHRENIS OR GUILDS.

29
Q

STONE INSCRIPTION (c. FIFTH CENTURY CE), FOUND IN MANDASOR (MADHYA PRADESH) RECORDS THE HISTORY OF?

A

IT RECORDS THE HISTORY OF A GUILD OF SILK WEAVERS WHO ORIGINALLY LIVED IN LATA (GUJARAT), FROM WHERE THEY MIGRATED TO MANDASOR, THEN KNOWN AS DASHAPURA.

30
Q

TERM VANIK MEANS?

A

MERCHANTS.

31
Q

MRICHCHHAKATIKA IS WRITTEN BY?

A

SHUDRAKA (c. FOURTH CENTURY CE).
IN THIS THE HERO CHARUDATTA WAS DESCRIBED AS BOTH A BRAHMANA AND A SARTHAVAHA OR MERCHANT.

32
Q

MEANING OF MLECHCHHAS OTHER THAN MERCHANTS?

A

SOMETIMES THOSE WHO SPOKE NON-SANSKRITIC LANGUAGES WERE LABELLED AS MLECHCHHAS.

33
Q

WHO WERE CHANDALAS?

A

1 PEOPLE WHO HANDLED CORPSES AND DEAD ANIMALS WERE DESIGNATED AS CHANDALAS.
2 THEY WERE PLACED AT THE BOTTOM OF THE HIERARCHY.
3 THEIR TOUCH AND IN SOME CASES EVEN SEEING THEM WAS REGARDED AS POLLUTING.

34
Q

DUTIES OF CHANDALAS AS PER MANUSMRITI?

A

1 THEY HAD TO LIVE OUTSIDE THE VILLAGE.
2 USE DISCARDED UTENSILS AND WEAR CLOTHES OF THE DEAD AND ORNAMENTS OF IRON.
3 THEY COULD NOT WALK ABOUT IN VILLAGES AND CITIES AT NIGHT.
4 THEY HAD TO DISPOSE THE BODIES OF THOSE WHO HAD NO RELATIVES AND SERVE AS EXECUTIONERS.

35
Q

CHINESE PILGRIMS ABOUT CHANDALAS?

A

1 FA XIAN (c. FIFTH CENTURY CE) WROTE THAT UNTOUCHABLES HAD TO SOUND A CLAPPER IN THE STREETS SO THAT PEOPLE COULD AVOID SEEING THEM.
2 XUAN ZANG (c. SEVENTH CENTURY), OBSERVED THAT EXECUTIONERS AND SCAVENGERS WERE FORCED TO LIVE OUTSIDE THE CITY.

36
Q

BODHISATTA (THE BUDDHA IN A PREVIOUS BIRTH) IS IDENTIFIED AS A CHANDALA IN WHICH JATAKA?

A

MATANGA JATAKA, A PALI TEXT.

37
Q

DIVISION OF PATERNAL ESTATE AS PER MANUSMRITI?

A

1 PATERNAL ESTATE WAS TO BE DIVIDED EQUALLY AMONGST SONS AFTER THE DEATH OF THE PARENTS, WITH A SPECIAL SHARE FOR THE ELDEST.
2 WOMEN COULD NOT CLAIM A SHARE OF THESE RESOURCES.
3 WOMEN WERE ALLOWED TO RETAIN THE GIFTS THEY RECIEVED ON THE OCCASION OF THEIR MARRIAGE AS STRIDHANA (LITERALLY, A WOMEN’S WEALTH).
4 STRIDHANA COULD BE INHERITED BY THEIR CHILDREN, WITHOUT THE HUSBAND HAVING ANY CLAIM ON IT.
5 MANUSMRITI WARNED WOMEN AGAINST HOARDING FAMILY PROPERTY, OR EVEN THEIR OWN VALUABLES, WITHOUT THE HUSBAND’S PERMISSION.
NOTE* VAKATAKA QUEEN PRABHAVATI GUPTA WAS AN EXCEPTION.

38
Q

MEANS OF ACQUIRING WEALTH BY MEN AS PER MANUSMRITI?

A

THERE ARE SEVEN MEANS OF ACQUIRING WEALTH.
IPC WIFA
1 INHERITANCE
2 PURCHASE
3 CONQUEST
4 WORK
5 INVESTMENT
6 FINDING
7 ACCEPTANCE OF GIFTS FROM GOOD PEOPLE.

39
Q

MEANS OF ACQUIRING WEALTH BY WOMEN AS PER MANUSMRITI?

A

THERE ARE 6 MEANS OF ACQUIRING WEALTH.
1 WHAT WAS GIVEN IN FRONT OF THE FIRE (MARRIAGE).
2 BRIDAL PROCESSION.
3 AS A TOKEN OF AFFECTION FROM BROTHER.
4 FROM MOTHER.
5 FROM FATHER.
6 SHE COULD ALSO ACQUIRE WEALTH THROUGH ANY SUBSEQUENT GIFTS AND WHATEVER HER AFFECTIONATE HUSBAND MIGHT GIVE HER.

40
Q

ANOTHER CRITERION (APART FROM GENDER) FOR RELATING ACCESS TO WEALTH WAS?

A

VARNA.

41
Q

BUDDHISTS ON DIFFERENCES IN SOCIETY?

A

THE BUDDHISTS RECOGNIZED THAT THERE WERE DIFFERENCES IN SOCIETY, BUT DID NOT REGARD THESE AS NATURAL OR INFLEXIBLE.
THEY ALSO REJECTED THE IDEA OF CLAIMS TO STATUS ON THE BASIS OF BIRTH.

42
Q

DIVISIONS OF SUTTA PITAKA?

A

IT IS DIVIDED INTO 5 NIKAYAS.
1 DIGHA NIKAYA.
2 MAJJHIMA NIKAYA.
3 SAMUTTA NIKAYA.
4 ANGUTTARA NIKAYA.
5 KHUDDAKA NIKAYA.

43
Q

STORY THE WEALTHY SHUDRA IS FROM WHICH NIKAYA?

A

THE STORY BASED ON A BUDDHIST TEXT IN PALI KNOWN AS THE MAJJHIMA NIKAYA, IS A PART OF A DIALOGUE BETWEEN A KING NAMED AVANTIPUTTA AND A DISCIPLE OF THE BUDDHA NAMED KACHCHANA.
AVANTIPUTTA CONCEDED THAT THERE WAS NO DIFFERENCE AMONGST THE VARNAS.

44
Q

WHAT IS PURANARURU?

A

ONE OF THE ANTHOLOGIES OF POEMS OF TAMIL SANGAM LITERATURE.

45
Q

AMARAVATI PRESENT DAY LOCATION?

A

ANDHRA PRADESH.

46
Q

MEANING OF WORD MAHASAMMATA?

A

THE GREAT ELECT.

47
Q

BUDDHIST UNDERSTANDING OF SOCIAL INEQUALITIES?

A

BUDDHIST ALSO DEVELOPED AN ALTERNATIVE UNDERSTANDING OF SOCIAL INEQUALITIES AND OF THE INSTITUTIONS REQUIRED TO REGULATE SOCIAL CONFLICT.
IN A MYTH FOUND IN A TEXT KNOWN AS THE SUTTA PITAKA THEY SUGGESTED THAT ORIGINALLY HUMAN BEINGS DID NOT HAVE FULLY EVOLVED BODILY FORMS, NOR WAS THE WORLD OF PLANTS FULLY DEVELOPED.
ALL BEINGS LIVED IN AN IDYLLIC STATE OF PEACE, TAKING FROM NATURE ONLY WHAT THEY NEEDED FOR EACH MEAL.

48
Q

MOST IMPORTANT DIDACTIC SECTION OF THE MAHABHARATA?

A

BHAGAVAD GITA. IT CONTAINS THE ADVICE OFFERED BY LORD KRISHNA TO ARJUNA.
NOTE* IT IS DIDACTIC NOT NARRATIVE.

49
Q

NAARATIVE AND DIDACTIC MEANING?

A

SECTIONS THAT CONTAIN STORIES, DESIGNATED AS THE NARRATIVE.
SECTIONS THAT CONTAIN PRESCRIPTIONS ABOUT SOCIAL NORMS, DESIGNATED AS DIDACTIC.

50
Q

MAHABHARATA WAS WRITTEN BY?

A

LORD GANESHA THE SCRIBE.
VED VYASA DICTATED THE TEXT TO THE DEITY.

51
Q

THE ORIGINAL STORY (MAHABHARATA) WAS COMPOSED BY________ KNOWN AS________ WHO GENERALLY ACCOMPANIED KSHATRIYA WARRIORS TO THE BATTLEFIELD AND COMPOSED POEMS CELEBRATING THEIR VICTORIES AND OTHER ACHIEVEMENTS.

A

CHARIOTEER BARDS KNOWN AS SUTAS.

52
Q

IN 1951-52 ARCHAEOLOGIST B.B. LAL EXCAVATED AT A VILLAGE NAMED HASTINAPURA IN MEERUT (UP) AND FOUND FIVE OCCUPATIONAL LEVELS. WHAT ARE THEY?

A

ONLY 2ND AND 3RD ARE OF INTEREST TO US.
1. HOUSES IN 2ND PHASE (c. TWELTH-SEVENTH CENTURIES BCE) :-
● NO DEFINITE PLANS
● WALLS OF MUD AND MUD BRICKS (NO BURNT BRICKS)
● MUD PLASTER WITH PROMINENT REED MARKS SUGGESTED THAT SOME OF THE HOUSES HAD REED WALLS PLASTERED OVER WITH MUD.
2. HOUSES IN 3RD PHASE (c. SIXTH-THIRD CENTURIES BCE):-
● HOUSES OF MUD BRICK AS WELL AS BURNT BRICKS.
● SOAKAGE JARS AND BRICK DRAINS WERE USED FOR DRAINING OUT REFUSE WATER.
● TERRACOTTA RING WELLS MAY HAVE BEEN USED BOTH AS WELLS AND DRAINAGE PITS.

53
Q

KUNTI O NISHADI WAS WRITTEN BY?

A

MAHASHWETA DEVI.

54
Q

TRIPITAKA IS WRITTEN IN WHICH LANGUAGE?

A

PALI.

ANCIENT HISTORY (16 decks)

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