things to learn Flashcards
1
Q
nitrate
A
NO3-
2
Q
carbonate
A
CO32-
3
Q
sulphate
A
SO42-
4
Q
hydroxide
A
OH-
5
Q
ammonium
A
NH4+
6
Q
zinc
A
Zn2+
7
Q
silver
A
Ag+
8
Q
hydrochloric acid
A
HCl
9
Q
sulphuric acid
A
H2SO4
10
Q
nitric acid
A
HNO3
11
Q
ethanoic acid
A
CH3COOH
12
Q
sodium hydroxide
A
NaOH
13
Q
potassium hydroxide
A
KOH
14
Q
ammonia
A
NH3
15
Q
metal + acid –>
A
salt + hydrogen
16
Q
metal oxide + acid –>
A
salt + water
17
Q
metal hydroxide + acid –>
A
salt + water
18
Q
metal carbonate + acid –>
A
salt + water + carbon dioxide
19
Q
for a group 2 metal:
2M + O2 –>
A
2MO
20
Q
for a group two metal:
M + 2H2O –>
A
M(OH)2 + H2
21
Q
MO + H2O –>
A
M(OH)2
22
Q
two disproportiantion reactions
A
Cl2 + H2O –> HCl + HClO
Cl2 + 2NaOH = NaCl + NaClO + H2O
23
Q
for alkanes and alcohols:
what are the products in complete combustion
A
CO2 and water
24
Q
for alkanes and alcohols:
what are the products of incomplete combustion
A
CO and water
25
rules for assigning oxidation states
123FHOC
26
what is Ca(OH)2 used for
neutralise acids in soil
27
what is Mg(OH)2 and CaCO3 used for
treating indigestion
28
why can't covelent compounds conduct electricity
no ions or mobile electrons
29
what causes a permanent dipole
difference in electronegativity
30
hydrogen bonding occurs in?
H + any NOF
31
why do ionisation energies increase across a period
as there are more protons so there is a greater nuclear charge but no extra shielding so electrons are more strongly attracted, so it takes more energy to remove it
32
for ionisation energies why is there a small decrease from 2nd to 3rd element in the period?
some shielding for the electron in the p subshell by the s subshell
33
for ionisation energies why is there a small decrease from the 5th to 6th element?
the 6th electron is in an orbital with an electron and there is repulsion between these two electrons
34
why do ionisation energies decrease down a group?
there are more protons but there are more electron shells too, so more shielding and the electrons are further from the nucleus so they are less strongly attracted and easier to remove
35
why do group 1 and 2 metals get more reactive down the group?
there are more protons but there are more electron shells too, so more shielding and the electrons are further from the nucleus so they are less strongly attracted and easier to remove
36
why do group 7 elements get less reactive down the group?
there are more protons but there are more electron shells too, so more shielding and the electrons are further from the nucleus so they are less strongly attracted and its harder to gain electrons
37
why do successive ionisation energies increase each time?
becuase one electron has already been removed so a smaller number of electrons are left with a greater attraction to the same number of protons. this means the electrons are pulled closer to the nucleus, the atomic radius decreases and its harder to remove the next electron.
38
why are there sometimes large jumps in successive ionisation energies?
when an electron is being removed from a new shell, it will be closer to the nucleus so there will be more attraction, thus harder to remove
39
what is the trend in melting points across a period?
increase for the first four and low for the next four
40
explain the trend in melting point point across a period
the metallic bonds increase as the charge of the ions and the number of electrons increase. the first non metals have giant covalent structures and have high melting points, the rest are simple covalent so have weak IDD interactions holding them together
41
good thing and bad thing about chlorine in the water
good: kills bacteria in water so reduce waterborne illness
bad: chlorine gas is toxic, can react with organic matter to form carcinogenic compounds
42
in dynamic equilibrium:
| when u increase the concentration of the reactant
equilibrium shifts to the other side (more product produced)
43
in dynamic equilibrium:
| when u increase temperature
equilibrium shifts to the endothermic side
44
in dynamic equilibrium:
| when u increase pressure
equilibrium shifts to the side with the least moles of gas
45
in dynamic equilibrium:
| when a catalyst is used
position of equilibrium doesn't change but equilibrium is reached quicker
