Things to know Flashcards
What is made from cow calf farms
Weaned calves at 6-10 months and 300-700 pounds
This segment of the beef industry uses seasonal grazing to grow weaned
calves prior to being placed in a finishing operation
Stocker
Size of cattle entering feed lots
600-850lbs
Size of cattle exiting feed lots
1200-1400+lbs
Marketed on grid bases
70%- based on carcass merit, hide color, dressing %
Marketed on a cash bases
30% or less- based on calf weights at slaughter
Inserted under the skin in the back of the ear
Growth implants
Increases muscle gain, optaflexx, zilmax, 85% of feedlot nutritionists used one in 2015
Beta agonists
Alters rumen fermentation, improves efficiency and gain, 97% of feedlots used one in 2015
Ionophores
Gestation length of cow
280-283
Estrous cycle length of cattle-
19-21 days
Estrus length of cow
13-17 hours
Heifers should be bred at what % of their adult weight
65%
Heifers should calve at what % of their adult weight
85%
- Several causes – bacteria, virus, protozoa, non-infectious
- Insuring calves receive adequate colostrum, isolation of
sick calves
Calf Scours
- Commonly resulting in pneumonia
- Infectious (bacteria, viruses) and non-infectious causes
(stress, poor ventilation) - Antibiotic treatment
Bovine Respiratory Disease
Noncontagious, bacterial disease affects the most healthy, growing calves.
* Nearly 100% fatal
* Vaccination protects against Clostridia bacteria
Blackleg
Infected animals may display symptoms of diarrhea, fever, pneumonia, fever, or abortion. Pregnant cows infected with the virus may deliver a resistant or a persistently infected calf
Disease is commonly spread through Persistently Infected (PI) animals that are initially infected in utero and carry the virus/spread this for their entire
life
BVD
Caused by the bacteria with Leptospira genus (many
species cause illness)
* Transmitted through infected feed/water supplies
contaminated with urine
Leptospirosis
Caused by the bacteria Brucella
* Causes spontaneous abortions and is easily
transmissible from several ruminant species (Deer,
Bison, Elk, etc.)
* States all have different regulations and Brucellosis
herd statuses
* Live vaccine is available and most effective prevention
method
Brucellosis
Highly contagious disease caused by the bacteria
Moraxella Bovis
* Eye Irritation is necessary for the disease to develop
(flies, dust, light, grass, etc.
Pinkeye
Excessive gas in the rumen
* Presses on heart and lungs
* Frothy bloat – grazing lush pastures, high-protein feeds
* May also occur in feedlot cattle
* Free-gas bloat – consumption of high-concentrate feeds
in cattle not adapted to grain-rich diet
Bloat
Internal – stomach worms (hair worms), lung worms,
liver flukes, coccidian
* Less of a concern in cattle over 2 years
* External – horn flies, lice, grubs, ticks
* Deworming, rotational grazing, cull chronics
Parasites
US state with greatest number of dairy cattle
California
Where does Arkansas rank in dairy cattle
47
How has dairy herd size changed? What does that do to milk production?
Dairy herds have increased and milk production has increased
How has milk consumption changed?
Decreased
is the lacteal secretion, free from
colostrum, obtained by the complete
milking of one or more healthy cows”
Milk
Whole milk
3.5% fat (most similar to milk straight from a cow
Reduced fat
2% fat
Low-fat
1.0 fat
Skim milk
Less than or equal to 0.2% fat
Is the process where chilled raw milk
is heated to 161°F for at least 15 seconds before
being quickly cooled back to 39°F
Pasturization
involves reducing the size of fat
globules into minuscule portions that are dispersed
evenly throughout the milk
Homogenization
is manufactured by adding small
amounts of lactase (milk disaccharide) that splits
lactose into glucose & galactose
Lactose free milk
What is milk fortified with today?
A & D vitamins
What percentage of meat is produced from dairy cattle
20-25%
About how many cows are bred using sexed semen? Why?
20%, heifers cost more to raise
Dairy term for calving
Freshening
Cows handled in drylot/confinement system are sorted into production groups & fed a complete, mixed diet. They do this because different stages of cattle have different needs
Total Mixed Ration
Milk fever is a rapid drain of what from blood to mammary tissue for deposition of milk, Jersey and Guernsey cows are genetically prone to this disease
Calcium
This milk meets sanitary standards for use in fluid milk products and any dairy products such as beverage milk, fluid cream soft products (yogurt, ice cream, and cottage cheese)
Grade A
this milk meets less stringent sanitary standards and can be used only for manufacture products with FDA permission such as cream cheese, and hard products like butter and manufactured cheese and butter and dry milk
Grade B
When does a cow reach peak lactation
45-60 days
How long is the cows lactation period
305 days
How many dairy cattle are bred using AI
72.5
can improve milk production efficiency and reduce the negative effects of dairy production on the environment
bST
Which breed makes the most fat in their milk (percentage wise)
Jersey
Sheep have __ chromosomes while goats have __
27, 30
1 state in sheep and goats (meat and angora)
Texas
1 state in dairy goats
Wisconsin
Average 30-40 head, more productive per ewe, heavily managed
Farm flock
Thousands of ewes, produce the majority of lamb and wool in USA, very hardy
Range flocks
Wool grading order
Fine, 1/2 blood, 3/8 blood/ 1/4 blood, low 1/4 blood, common, and braid
Natural oil in wool
Lanolin
% of clean wool from fleece
Yield
Length of wool
Staple
Natural waviness in wool
Crimp
Dark wool/ naturally dyed
Natural
Sheep and goats are ______
Seasonally polyestrous
Sheep estrous cycle
16-17 days
Estrus length in sheep
24-36 hours
Gestation length for sheep
144-152 days
Estrous cycle length in goats
21 days
Estrus length in goats
1-2 days
gestation length in goats
150 days
What do goats have to do with progesterone only being produced in the CL not placenta
Does are more prone to embryonic death loss and stress induced abortion
_____ is needed for goats while it is toxic for sheep
Copper
Nematodes- Gastrointestinal parasites, causes weight loss, poor growth, diarrhea, anemia, bottle jaw
Parasites
Diarrhea, weight loss, death
Coccidiosis
Also known as sore mouth or orf
Contagious ecthyma
Contagious abscesses
Goats- external
Sheep- internal
Caseous Lymphadenitis
Any state of being other than the state of complete health
Disease
An observable difference in an animals normal function or state of health that indicates the presence of a bodily disorder
Clinical sign
A change in body organs secondary to disease of injury
Lesion
The cause or the study of the cause of disease
Etiology
The study of the nature or process of disease
Pathology
A living disease causing agent
Pathogen
The natural ability of an animal to remain unaffected by pathogens, toxins, irritants, or poisons
Resistance
Predisposing factors for disease
Stress, genetics, life stage
Disease capable of being spread from animal to animal
Contagious
Disease that is transferred to an animal by an arthropod
Vector born disease
A poisonous compound produced by some microorganisms, plants or animals
Toxin
Visible signs
Clinical signs
Clinical signs are not readily visible
Subclinical
Sudden onset, or early in the disease process
Acute
Continuing over a long period of time, or having gradual effect
Chronic
the process of determining the nature and severity of a disease;
the art of distinguishing one disease from another
Diagnosis
Regulates imports and exports of animals, foreign animal disease recognition, stop/slow the speed of animal diseases across state lines
United States Department of Agriculture: Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
