Animal Science Final Flashcards
Cattle digestive system
Ruminant
Horse digestive system
Monogastric hindgut fermenter
Goat and sheep digestive system
Ruminant
Cat and dog digestive system
Monogastric
Pig digestive system
Monogastric
Chicken digestive system
Monogastric, two seca
Rabbit digestive system
Monogastric, hindgut fermenter
Leading state for beef cattle
Texas
Leading a state for dairy cattle
California
Leading state for horses
Texas
Leading state for goats
Texas
Leading state for sheep
Texas
Leading state for pigs
Iowa
Leading state for broilers
Georgia
Leading state for eggs
Iowa
Leading state for turkeys
Minnesota
Gestation, estrous type, and cycle for cattle
280-283, polyestrous, 21 days
Gestation, estrous type, and cycle for horses
340, seasonally polyestrous, and 21 days
Gestation, estrous type, and cycle for Goats
150, seasonally polyestrous, and 21 days
Gestation, estrous type, and cycle for Sheep
148, seasonally polyestrous, and 16-17 days
Gestation, estrous type, and cycle for Cat
60, seasonally polyestrous induced ovulator, and 15-21 days
Gestation, estrous type, and cycle for Dogs
60, Monoestrous, and 6-7 months
Gestation, estrous type, and cycle for Pigs
3 months 3 weeks and 3 days, polyestrous, 21 days
Gestation, estrous type, and cycle for Rabbits
31-32 days, no heat induced ovulator
Gestation, estrous type, and cycle for Llama
350, no heat induced ovulator
Gestation, estrous type, and cycle for Alpaca
335, no heat induced ovulator
Animal with the largest population
Chickens
Leading country in pigs, sheep, goats, chickens, eggs, duck, and rabbits
China
Leads in beef production, chicken meat production, turkey population and production, and horses
USA
What percentage of food produced is wasted
33%
Most limiting nutrient
Water
Mammals cannot break down beta linkages in…
Cellulose
Cellulose is broken down by…
Microbial fermentation
Essential amino acids abbreviation
PVT TIM HALL
essential amino acids
Phenylalanine, valine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Isoleucine, methionine, histidine, arginine, leucine, lysine
Fat soluble vitamins
ADEK
Inorganic elements established as necessary for life
Minerals
Organic elements established as necessary for life
Vitamins
All feed consumed by an animal including water
Diet
Specific feed amount given in 24 hr
Ration
Measure of food energy, heat required to raise 1 cc of water 1 degree C
Calorie
Corn, barely, wheat are examples of
Cereal grains/energy feeds
Soybean meal, cottonseed mean, fish meal are used to supplement
Protein
Four compartments of a ruminant stomach
Rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum
Hardware stomach
Reticulum
True stomach
Abomasum
Main energy product of ruminants
Volatile fatty acids
Glandular stomach in poultry
Proventriculus
Portions of the small intestine
Duodenum, jejunum, ileum
One member of a gene pair is expressed to the exclusion of the other
Dominant
You have 20 red angus cows, and you breed them to a black bull. You have 11
black calves and 9 red calves. So you know the bull must be…
Heterozygous
Both alleles are expressed in heterozygotes like roan cattle
Codominance
The heterozygote is expressed in a way that’s different from either homozygote like in Charolais cattle
Incomplete dominance
Interaction of one trait at different loci like the bay gene in horses
Epistasis
Genes located on the X or Y chromosomes and traits are only inherited when that
chromosome is passed on like red-green color blindness
Sex linked inheritance
The same genotype is expressed differently depending on the sex of the animal like horns
in sheep
Sex influenced inheritance
Traits only expressed by one sex or the other like milk production and scrotal
circumference
Sex-limited traits
First animal breeder
Robert bakewell
Superiority of an outbred individual relative to the average performance of parents
Hybrid vigor
Adenine is paired with
Thymine
Guanine is paired with
Cytosine
Process of making a copy of DNA
DNA Replication
Producing RNA from DNA
Transcription
Producing Protein from RNA
Translation
Somatic Cell division- replication of cells
Mitosis
Process that forms sex cells
Meiosis
Hormone that stimulates milk let down
Oxytocin
Hormone that maintains pregnancy
Progesterone
Produced in the pineal gland, regulates seasonal reproduction
Melatonin
Refers to the cycle of hormone changes that create heat
Estrous
Refers to the heat displayed by the female when she’s receptive to mating
Estrus
Pathogen that causes most illnesses
Norovirus
Pathogen that causes more hospitalizations and deaths
Salmonella
Primary pigment responsible for meat color
Myoglobin
Ingredient added to meat to produce pink color, savory flavor, prevent spoilage, and control growth of diseases
Nitrite
Arkansas is the birthplace of…
Commercial catfish industry
An observable difference in an animal’s normal function or state of health.
Examples are fever, weight loss, diarrhea
Clinical sign
The natural ability of an animal to remain unaffected by pathogens, toxins,
irritants, or poisons
Resistance
Disease capable of being transmitted from animal to animal
Contagious
Sudden onset of symptoms
Acute
Continuing over a long period
Chronic
Segments of the beef industry
Cow-calf, seedstock, stocker, feedlot, packer
Which segment has the most farms
Cow-calf
Heifers should first be bred at __% of their adult body weight
65
They should calve at __% of their adult body weight
85
Whole milk must have ___% fat
3.5
Process where chilled milk is heated to 161F for 15 seconds before being quickly
chilled back to 39 F
Pasturization
Reducing the size of fat globules into miniscule portions that are dispersed evenly throughout the milk
Homogenization
Milk is fortified with what vitamins
A&D
What percentage of beef in the US comes from fairy animals
20-25%
Non-infectious disease of diary cattle caused by the rapid draining of Ca from the blood resulting in loss of muscle strength
Milk fever
Female doneky
Jenny
Male donkey
Jack
Mare crossed with a jack
Mule
Jenny crossed with a stallion
Hinny
% of merino breeding
American or blood system
Lengths of yarn from one pound of wool- higher is finer
Bradford system
Actual measurement of fiber- smaller is finer
Micron system
Natural oil in wool
Lanolin
Length of wool
Staple
Natural waviness in wool
Crimp
